Effects of temperature on the germination, sporulation, and in - vivo infection of Sphaerotheca fuliginea (powdery mildew) on water melon (Citrullus lanathus. L)

This research was conducted to investigate the effect of temperature and on the germination, sporulation and in vivo infection of Sphaerotheca fuliginea on healthy water melon. The experiment was laid out in completely Randomized Design (CRD) in the laboratory with 5 replications in each case. Mycelium growth was observed to be highest with 20°C and the control. This was also with 40°C. At 50° however there was no mycelium growth. Significant difference (P<0.05) was observed among the temperature levels on mycelium length with highest length observed at 20°C, but least was at 40°C. Temperature influence on mycelium width had not shown any significant difference (P>0.05). Spores are formed at all temperature levels, with highest spores’ number obtained at 20°C, and least was observed at 50°C. The highest effect of temperature on disease incidence was observed at 20°C (85%) and also at 20ºC, while lowest percentage was at 40°C and 50°C. On the disease severity the highest temperature effect was obtained at 20°C, 30°C, and at optimum temperature 25°C (4, severe infection), while at 40°C was (1, i.e. Mild infection) and at 50°C was observed to be no infection, significant differences (P<0.05) was not shown among the temperature levels on disease severity. Therefore, understanding the optimum ranges of temperature for the development of powdery mildew fungus, May minimized the high rate of infection to occur as well as damages caused on Water Melon.Key words. Sporulation, In vivo, Spaerotheca fuliginea, Mycelium, Temperature

Enantioselective Catalytic Desymmetrization of Maleimides by Temporary Removal of an Internal Mirror Plane and Stereoablative Over-reduction: Synthesis of (R)-Pyrrolam A

A highly enantioselective (>95% ee) strategy to affect the desymmetrization of a maleimide has been performed by temporary attachment to an anthracene template followed by asymmetric reduction with an oxazaborolidine catalyst. A stereoablative over-reduction process was partially responsible for the high levels of enantioselectivity. Exemplification of the strategy by stereoselective functionalization and retro-Diels−Alder reaction provided the natural product pyrrolam A

Sero – Prevalence of Rubella Virus Igm among Pregnant Women Attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Kano, Nigeria

The 96 well micro-titer plate was first secured in the holder, a data sheet with sample identification was prepared, leaving one well for blank, one hundred micro- liter of negative control was added to the next 3 wells, then 100μL of positive control to the following 2 wells. One hundred micro - liter of the sample diluents was added into each of the test wells which were followed by adding 10μL of specimen into each of the wells containing sample diluents. 300 pregnant women screened for the rubella IgM antibody, a total of 12(4.0%) were positive, in the young adults category of 15-24 years 88 pregnant women were screened with 5(1.7%) testing positive. One hundred and forty four were within 25-34 age group with 4(1.3%) seropositive. Three (1.0%) 0f the 68 women in 34-44 age group were positive. The highest prevalence was found in the young adult’s category of 15-24 age groups. The research provided an evidence of relatively low prevalence and a high percentage of susceptible population which is an evidence that many in the population are susceptible to rubella virus infection. The findings of an immune response in first trimester of pregnancy indicates 90% chances of passage to the feotus with serious complications. There is need for awareness creation on rubella virus and congenital rubella syndrome with increase in disease surveillance nationwide. With high level of susceptible population coupled with no immunization policy on rubella in the country underscores the need for initiating organized routine screening and vaccination among healthcare workers, children, adolescents and women of child bearing age as well as ascertaining the potency of vaccines prior to recommendation for vaccination. Keywords: Sero – Prevalence, Rubella Virus, Pregnant Wome