The Effect of Health Education to Community Knowledge and Aedes Aegypti Density in Bayah Subdistrict, Banten Province

Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a public health problem in Bayah, Banten Province thus, control of mosquitoes breeding sites (CMBS) and health education is necessary. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of health education on people’s level of knowledge on CMBS and the density of Ae. aegypti. This study involved 106 villagers from Bayah in August (pretest) and October (postest) 2009. Data was collected through questionnaires, followed by observation of containers available in the house using single larval method and identified microscopically. Data was analyzed using marginal homogeneity test. The result showed, 64.2% and 1.3% villagers had poor and good knowledge on CMBS. This finding was in accordance to their education level and socio-economic status. After education, there were 14% had good and 54% poor knowledge (p = 0,001). Container index (CI) and house index (HI) were 18% and 52% respectively, suggesting high density of Ae. aegypti in that area. Following health education, CI and HI became 16% and 42% which were still above WHO level of indicator; which gave no significant difference in CI (p = 0,523) and HI (p = 0,174). In conclusion, the level of knowledge increased after health education which was not followed by significant decrease in vector density, suggesting Bayah is still categorized as highly transmitted area of DHF

Detection of Cryptosporidium SP Coproantigen in Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Patient with Chronic Diarrhea

Cryptosporidium sp is one of protozoan that cause diarrhea in immunodeficient patients such as HIV/AIDS. Detection of coproantigen of Cryptosporidium sp is more sensitive than microscopic detection. The objective of this study is to detect cryptosporidiosis using coproantigen detection compare to microscopic detection from stool of HIV/AIDS patients with crhonic diarrhea. A Total of 95 stool specimens from HIV/AIDS patients with chronic diarrhea were received by Laboratorium klinik Parasitologi Faculty of Medicine UI. The stool was tested using coproantigen and microscopy detection for cryptosporidiosis. The frequency of cryptosporidiosis using koproantigen detection was 36.8% while the MTA method was only 11.6%. Sensitivity and specificity of coproantigen detection compared with the microscopic was 100% and 71.4%. Detection coproantigen necessary in patients with high suspicion of cryptosporidiosis but oocysts detection was negative. &nbsp

Genotyping of Toxoplasma Gondii in Cerebral and Ocular Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoon, spread world-wide and capable of infecting birds and mammals. Genetic information on T. gondii type that causes human toxoplasmosis is limited. In this study, genetic analysis of SAG2 locus was used to determine the genotype of T. gondii from cases with cerebral and ocular toxoplasmosis in Indonesia. Genotype determination was done directly on the clinical samples. A number of 28 cerebrospinal fluid and 8 vitreous humor positively infected with T. gondii, underwent PCR-RFLP to classify each isolate into one of three genotypes of T. gondii. Type I was the most common found suggesting that cerebral and ocular toxoplasmosis in Indonesia is mostly caused by type I strain of T. gondii

Diagnosis and Management of Blastocystis Hominis Infection in Patient with HIV-AIDS

The incidence of AIDS/HIV infection has been increasing worldwide. Patients with AIDS/HIV infection is at high risk to get opportunistic infection which is often become life-threatening. Common infections associated with AIDS/HIV are tuberculosis (TB) infection and viral hepatitis. Commensal organism found in human body is actually not pathogenic. Blastocystis hominis is generally considered as commensal organism of intestinal tract and might cause opportunistic infection in patients with AIDS. We reported a case of young male patient with AIDS/HIV infection and evidence of opportunistic infection of Blastocystis hominis found in ascitic fluid along with concomitant lung TB and viral hepatitis. Patient was well-responded to treatment of B. Hominis

Analisis Kuantitatif Isoflavon Tempe Secara Cepat Dan Sederhana Menggunakan Metode Kromatografi Lapis Tipis- Densitometri

Rapid and simple quantitative analysis isoflavones tempe using densitometric TLC has been done. The mobile phase of the system was chloroform: methanol: ethylacetate (45: 5: 0.75). Thin layer chromatography was performed on aluminium TLC plates.Ascending distance of 1 μL sample was performanced 10 cm. Then the plate was scanned at 261 nm. A linear relationship obtained at 0.08 - 2 μg/spot with r= 0.9986. The LOD and LOQ of isoflavone were 0.014 μg/spot and 0.048 μg/spot. Genistein contained in tempe was 0.151± 0.005 % b/b

The secreted triose phosphate isomerase of Brugia malayi is required to sustain microfilaria production in vivo

Human lymphatic filariasis is a major tropical disease transmitted through mosquito vectors which take up microfilarial larvae from the blood of infected subjects. Microfilariae are produced by long-lived adult parasites, which also release a suite of excretory-secretory products that have recently been subject to in-depth proteomic analysis. Surprisingly, the most abundant secreted protein of adult Brugia malayi is triose phosphate isomerase (TPI), a glycolytic enzyme usually associated with the cytosol. We now show that while TPI is a prominent target of the antibody response to infection, there is little antibody-mediated inhibition of catalytic activity by polyclonal sera. We generated a panel of twenty-three anti-TPI monoclonal antibodies and found only two were able to block TPI enzymatic activity. Immunisation of jirds with B. malayi TPI, or mice with the homologous protein from the rodent filaria Litomosoides sigmodontis, failed to induce neutralising antibodies or protective immunity. In contrast, passive transfer of neutralising monoclonal antibody to mice prior to implantation with adult B. malayi resulted in 60–70% reductions in microfilarial levels in vivo and both oocyte and microfilarial production by individual adult females. The loss of fecundity was accompanied by reduced IFNγ expression by CD4+ T cells and a higher proportion of macrophages at the site of infection. Thus, enzymatically active TPI plays an important role in the transmission cycle of B. malayi filarial parasites and is identified as a potential target for immunological and pharmacological intervention against filarial infections

Cryptosporidiosis in children less than three years old in Ciliwung Riverside, Kampung Melayu Village, Jakarta, Indonesia

Background Cryptosporidium infection is often found in children, especially children below three years old. Many risk factors can affect cryptosporidiosis prevalence. At this moment, the prevalence and risk factors of cryptosporidiosis in children in Jakarta are unknown. Objectives To determine the cryptosporidiosis prevalence, clinical manifestations, and risk factors in children below three years old. Methods This cross sectional study involved 474 subjects between the age of 0 to 35 months in Ciliwung riverside, Kampung Melayu village, from December 2005 until April 2006. Stool specimens were examined using modified acid-fast staining. Nutritional status was measured based on actual body weight over ideal body weight ratio (NCHS-CDC 2000). Results Cryptosporidium cysts were found in stool sample of 10/ 474 subject (2.1%). Most of the cases used ground water as a source for drinking and washing. All positive cases lived in houses with bad sanitation, flooded house and 9/10 cases had a crowded household. Cat and mice were the two most frequently found animals around the house. We found five asymptomatic cases and all of the cases were undernourished. Conclusions The prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in this study is 2.1%. Due to small number of cases no risk factor could be identified. Use of groundwater as a water source, bad sanitation, cat and mice around the house, flooded house, crowded household and undernourishment might be related to cryptosporidiosis prevalence. Half of the infected children were asymptomatic

Potential Transmission of Cryptosporidium SP. in Ciliwung River Water, Jakarta

Cryptosporidium sp. is an intracellular protozoa parasite that causes diarrhea. Contaminated water supply with Cryptosporidium oocyst may cause diarrhea outbreak. Inadequate wastewater treatment facilities in Jakarta become the main cause of water contamination, even in the river that was designated for the clean water reservoir. This study aims to evaluate the Cryptosporidium sp. existence in Ciliwung river water. This study used seven samples of Ciliwung river water and was conducted in Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia in 2018. Microscopic examination using modified Ziehl-Neelsen (mZN), Auramine Phenol staining (AF), Immunofluorescent Assay (IFA) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed to detect Cryptosporidium oocyst. Oocyst enumeration was done by the IFA method. Assessment of oocyst viability was performed by the addition of 4’-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) solution to the IFA method. The results showed that Cryptosporidium oocyst found upstream and downstream of Ciliwung river water. Contamination of Cryptosporidium oocysts shows higher contamination in the downstream river. Assessment of the viability of Cryptosporidium sp. oocyst showed that Cryptosporidium oocysts in the downstream Ciliwung river water are viable, suggesting that oocysts are infectious. It can be concluded that upstream and downstream of Ciliwung river water are contaminated with Cryptosporidium sp. and potential as a source of cryptosporidiosis infection.   Potensi Transmisi Cryptosporodium sp di Sungai Ciliwung Jakarta   Cryptosporidium sp. adalah protozoa intraseluler penyebab diare. Sumber air yang terkontaminasi ookista Cryptosporidium dapat menyebabkan wabah diare. Minimnya Fasilitas pengolahan air limbah di Jakarta mengakibatkan pencemaran yang terjadi di badan-badan air, bahkan badan sungai yang diperuntukkan sebagai bahan baku air bersih telah tercemar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi keberadaan Cryptosporidium sp. pada air sungai Ciliwung. Penelitiian dilakukan di Laboratorium Parasitologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia pada tahun 2018. Pada penelitian ini digunakan 7 sampel air sungai Ciliwung. Pemeriksaan dilakukan dengan metode mikroskopis pewarnaan modifikasi Ziehl Neelsen (mZN), auramin fenol (AF), Immunofluorescent Assay (IFA) dan metode molekuler Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) untuk deteksi ookista Cryptosporidium. Enumerasi ookista dilakukan dengan metode IFA. Penilaian terhadap viabilitas ookista, dilakukan dengan penambahan larutan 4’-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) pada metode IFA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ookista Cryptosporidium sp. ditemukan pada aliran sungai Ciliwung bagian hulu dan hilir. Kontaminasi ookista Cryptosporidium menunjukkan kontaminasi lebih tinggi pada bagian hilir. Penilaian viabilitas ookista Cryptosporidium sp. menunjukkan ookista Cryptosporidium pada air sungai Ciliwung bagian hilir bersifat viabel, menunjukkan bahwa ookista bersifat infeksius. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh adalah air sungai Ciliwung bagian hilir dan hulu terkontaminasi oleh Cryptosporidium sp. dan berpotensi sebagai sumber infeksi kriptosporidiosis. &nbsp

Detection of <em>Cryptosporidium sp</em> infection by PCR and modified acid fast staining from potassium dichromate preserved stool

<p><strong>Aim</strong> To identify the frequency of <em>Cryptosporidium</em> infection in children below 3 years old by examining concentrated long term preserved stool using PCR detection of 18S rRNA gene and compared with modified acid fast staining technique.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong> Hundred eighty eight stools from children ≤ 3 years old were stored for 13 months in 2.5% K2Cr2O7 solution at 40C. <em>Cryptosporidium</em> oocysts were isolated by water-ether concentration technique. The concentrates were smeared onto object glass and stained with modified acid fast staining, and the rest of the concentrates were DNA extracted by freezing and thawing cycles and proteinase K digestion, then direct PCR was done to detect 18S rRNA gene.</p><p><strong>Result</strong> The proportion of positive stools for <em>Cryptosporidium</em> <em>sp</em> by acid fast staining from concentrated stools and 18S rRNA PCR were 4.8% and 34.6% respectively, which showed statistically significant difference.</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong> The frequency of <em>Cryptosporidium</em> infection among children ≤ 3 years old was very high and stool storage in K2Cr2O7 for 13 months did not affect the PCR result. High prevalence of <em>Cryptosporidium</em> infection indicated high transmission in that area and the potential to be transmitted to other individuals such as the immunocompromised. <em><strong>(Med J Indones 2009;18:147-52)</strong></em></p><p><strong>Key words:</strong> <em>18S rRNA, cryptosporidiosis</em></p