Formaldehyde-free curing of cotton cellulose fabrics in anhydrous media

The effect of formaldehyde-free curing on standard cotton cellulose fabrics in anhydrous media is studied. Different crosslinkers are applied via (1) a pad-cure-dry process (solid/liquid) and (2) in a vapor chamber (solid/gas). The performance of each crosslinker and set of conditions is assessed by measuring dry crease recovery angles, DCRAs. We find that in control samples (treatment without crosslinker) the DCRAs are altered depending on the solvent. Using DMF, carbonyldiimidazole shows the best DCRA (160.1°, 15° higher than the non-treated fabrics). In ethyl acetate, triglycidyl isocyanurate shows the highest DCRA (22° higher than the control). The most promising crosslinkers are applied with selected catalysts known from literature. Here, trigycidyl isocyanurate in combination with the superbase P4-t-Bu gives the best DCRA (35° higher than the control). Using the vapor-chemical finishing, divinylsulfone as crosslinker increases the DCRA to 162.7° (18° higher than non-treated fabrics). Hence, cotton cellulose fabrics can be successfully finished in anhydrous conditions. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Applied Polymer Science published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48371. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Applied Polymer Science published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc

Analysis of PM2.5 cement dust levels, temperature and humidity in limestone burning home industry Tuban Regency, East Java, Indonesia

Background of this research is one of the parameters of air pollution that are harmful to human health is PM2.5. The main source of PM 2.5 is in the process of limestone burning. In the process of limestone burning, limestone is burned by using wood powdered fuel so that from the burning process, PM2.5 dust can be obtained which can affect the health of workers. The purpose of the study was to analyze the exposure of PM2.5, temperature and humidity in the limestone burning home industry workers in Tuban Regency, East Java, Indonesia. The research method was a quantitative approach with a total population of 18 people in the burning section. PM2.5 cement dust levels were measured using EPAM 5000. Temperature and humidity were measured with a thermohygrometer. The results showed that measurement results of PM2.5 cement dust levels is at point I with a value of 12,610 mg/m3, point II was obtained at 4,248 mg/m 3. Working environment temperature in the production area on point I and point II were quite high, namely 32.4°C and 31.1°C. Humidity at point I and point II obtained was 42% and 43% with standard of 65%-95%. PM2,5 and physical environment has not met the quality standards set on Minister of Manpower of the Republic of Indonesia Regulation No. 5 of 2018 about Safety and Health of the Work Environment in limestone burning so that it can be said limestone burning workers feel uncomfortable. Conclusions and Recommendations of the study was that the amount of dust PM2.5 measured mostly in limestone burning place on the first and second location is above the safe category, although none exceeds quality standards. Decent environmental management should be done and management such as the use of appropriate APD such as masks. Water around the burning location and plant trees so that dust is not easily breathed by workers

Analysis of characteristics and pulmonary function status of garlic crackers home industry workers in Sidoarjo East Java Indonesia

Background this research showed that flour dust has the potential on pulmonary function impairment. The basic material for making garlic crackers came from flour, flour dust had the potential on the worker's pulmonary function status. Purpose of the research was to analyze the characteristics and measure the pulmonary function status of garlic crackers home industry workers in Sidoarjo Regency East Java Indonesia. Research method was cross sectional design, the sample was a total sampling of 15 workers. The measurement of pulmonary function was carried out using a Spirometry tool by officers of UPT Occupational Safety and Health Surabaya. Data analysis used analysis of the results of a cross tabulation (crosstab). Time of the research was March to December 2019. Results of the research from the measurement of pulmonary function, 33.3% had an abnormal status, with details of 20% of workers had a light restriction category and 13.3% a light obstruction category. The results of the cross tabulation of characteristics of respondents with pulmonary function status showed that there was a relationship between age and pulmonary function status with a coefficient contingency value of 0.442. Male sex with pulmonary function status with a coefficient contingency value of 0.577, smoking habits with a pulmonary function status with a coefficient of contingency value of 0.577, working period over 10 years with a pulmonary function status with a contingency coefficient value of 0.106. The type of effects of respiratory impairments from flour dust exposure were affected by the dose and duration of exposure. Mask (Personal Protective Equipment) with pulmonary function status with a coefficient contingency value of 0.186. There was a relationship between flour dust and pulmonary function status with contingency coefficient value of 0.408. Conclusion Increasing age and long working period need to protect pulmonary function for workers in the potential environment of flour dust by increasing obedience to using masks (Personal Protective Equipment), and stopping smoking habits especially for male workers. Workers who experienced pulmonary function impairments should take further treatment so it would not get worse and get proper treatment so it would not reduce productivity while working

In situ synthesis of pigments in keratin fibres

In the present work an alternative dyeing method based on in-situ synthesis pigments in keratin fibers e.g. wool and hair is illustrated. Permanent iron dyes and dyes formed by direct diazotation of wool are developed for colouring wool, while quinone based pigments with and without metal are investigated for dyeing wool as well as for human hair. In all cases, application parameters as well as the process parameter are thoroughly investigated. Iron salt with series of benzoic acid is used as a substitute for hazardous chromium containing mordant dyes for wool. Since the colour pigments are formed in situ, coloured effluents which can eventually lead to toxic waste are not produced. By this method excellent washing and light fastness are obtained. This dyeing procedure was accomplished under mild reaction condition which further prevented any additional damage to the wool fibres contrary to the conventional method used. Further quinone based pigments from pure 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DHBQ) are developed with and without using metal complexes for dyeing wool and hair. It was shown in this work that DHBQ as ligand has the potential to be applied in commercial wool dyeing procedures. The results showed excellent washing fastness and good rubbing fastness. The synthesis runs under mild condition and therefore no significant damage to the wool fibres was observed.In situ formation of colour pigments from pure DHBQ has a potential to be developed as a novel and environmentally friendly long lasting hair colouration. For dyeing hair with these pigments no additional pre-treatment is required to achieve a range of different colours. Mild dyeing conditions used in this process prevent mechanical damage to the hair compared to bleaching used for traditional hair dyeing. Taking the advantage of the existence of amino acids in wool, in situ dye formation by direct diazotation using very small quantity of different diazonium salts was investigated. This process is shown to be dependent on pH, reagents and reactivity of the diazonium salt. Although the molar ratio of the amino acid to the salt was very low, intense colour shades are achieved. Summing up, reactive and non-toxic dyes with a variety of shades are developed based on the ship-in-the-bottle concept. The developed procedures may easily be used for dyeing different fibres

Formaldehyde‐free curing of cotton cellulose fabrics in anhydrous media

The effect of formaldehyde-free curing on standard cotton cellulose fabrics in anhydrous media is studied. Different crosslinkers are applied via (1) a pad-cure-dry process (solid/liquid) and (2) in a vapor chamber (solid/gas). The performance of each crosslinker and set of conditions is assessed by measuring dry crease recovery angles, DCRAs. We find that in control samples (treatment without crosslinker) the DCRAs are altered depending on the solvent. Using DMF, carbonyldiimidazole shows the best DCRA (160.1°, 15° higher than the non-treated fabrics). In ethyl acetate, triglycidyl isocyanurate shows the highest DCRA (22° higher than the control). The most promising crosslinkers are applied with selected catalysts known from literature. Here, trigycidyl isocyanurate in combination with the superbase P4-t-Bu gives the best DCRA (35° higher than the control). Using the vapor-chemical finishing, divinylsulfone as crosslinker increases the DCRA to 162.7° (18° higher than non-treated fabrics). Hence, cotton cellulose fabrics can be successfully finished in anhydrous conditions. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Applied Polymer Science published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48371. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Applied Polymer Science published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc