A Fuzzy Logic based Model to Predict the Improvement in Surface Roughness in Magnetic Field Assisted Abrasive Finishing

AbstractIn this paper the effect of process parameters during Magnetic Field Assisted Abrasive Micro Finishing (MFAAF) of SS316L material is reported. Based on the experimental results obtained, S/N ratio and ANOVA analyses were made to identify the significant process parameters to improve the percentage improvement of surface roughness (%ΔRa). From the results it is observed that the process parameters like voltage applied to the electromagnet, machining gap, rotational speed of electromagnet followed by abrasive size are significant to improve the %ΔRa. Based on the process parameters selected from the S/N ratio analysis and ANOVA analysis, a fuzzy logic model has been developed to predict the %ΔRa. To develop the fuzzy model, four membership functions based on the four process parameters are assigned to be connected with each input of the model. The developed fuzzy model is tested using three different set of process parameters values that are not used in already existing experimental data set. It is found that the developed fuzzy model has a close relation with the experimental values with the maximum deviations of 7.16%

Differential White Blood Cell Count and Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cross-Sectional and Prospective Studies

Objective: Biological evidence suggests that inflammation might induce type 2 diabetes (T2D), and epidemiological studies have shown an association between higher white blood cell count (WBC) and T2D. However, the association has not been systematically investigated.Research Design and Methods: Studies were identified through computer-based and manual searches. Previously unreported studies were sought through correspondence. 20 studies were identified (8,647 T2D cases and 85,040 non-cases). Estimates of the association of WBC with T2D were combined using random effects meta-analysis; sources of heterogeneity as well as presence of publication bias were explored.Results: The combined relative risk (RR) comparing the top to bottom tertile of the WBC count was 1.61 (95% CI: 1.45; 1.79, p = 1.5*10(-18)). Substantial heterogeneity was present (I-2 = 83%). For granulocytes the RR was 1.38 (95% CI: 1.17; 1.64, p = 1.5*10(-4)), for lymphocytes 1.26 (95% CI: 1.02; 1.56, p = 0.029), and for monocytes 0.93 (95% CI: 0.68; 1.28, p = 0.67) comparing top to bottom tertile. In cross-sectional studies, RR was 1.74 (95% CI: 1.49; 2.02, p = 7.7*10(-13)), while in cohort studies it was 1.48 (95% CI: 1.22; 1.79, p = 7.7*10(-5)). We assessed the impact of confounding in EPIC-Norfolk study and found that the age and sex adjusted HR of 2.19 (95% CI: 1.74; 2.75) was attenuated to 1.82 (95% CI: 1.45; 2.29) after further accounting for smoking, T2D family history, physical activity, education, BMI and waist circumference.Conclusions: A raised WBC is associated with higher risk of T2D. The presence of publication bias and failure to control for all potential confounders in all studies means the observed association is likely an overestimate

A Comparative Study of Structural Changes in Conventional and Unconventional Machining and Mechanical Properties Evaluation of Polypropylene Based Self Reinforced Composites

The present study addresses the mechanical behavior of polypropylene self-reinforced composites (SRC’s) considering polymeric structural changes after cutting. Self-reinforced polypropylene composite is fabricated using the HOT compaction method by maintaining the processing temperature at 164∘C. Conventional and unconventional cutting methods were used to cut the samples of standard dimensions. FTIR images revealed the formation of C=C, C-F, Halogen bonds after AWJ cutting initiated a decrease in the surface roughness value to 4.5μm (Ra). SEM analysis is performed to analyse structural integrity and damage of SRC’s. Structural changes formation after AWJ cutting leads to improve the ultimate tensile strength of the laminate by 20% compared to conventional cut samples. A similar trend is noticed for flexural properties and Shore –D hardness values for the SRC composite laminate correlated to polymeric changes with Conventional cutting due to the formation of C-N bond is observed after Laser cutting

Fabrication of Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite Reinforced With SiC/Al2O3/TiB2

International audienceLooking at the need for composite materials, a trial was made to fabricate hybrid metal matrix composite. Efforts were taken to develop composite with three emerging reinforcements like SiC/Al2O3/TiB2 and its compositions were 5%, 3% and 2% respectively. The aluminium metal matrix designed for this composite is aluminium alloy Al6061. Stir casting bottom pouring technique was used to fabricate the specimen successfully. The fabricated Hybrid metal matrix composite after various attempts was made to undergo various tests to examine its strength and property. Specimen was made from the casting and micro structural analysis was carried out using optical microscope and SEM. Results of micro structural analysis prove the existence and dispersion of reinforcements in the matrix phase.. Specimens were prepared in order to test its hardness due to the addition reinforcements. Vickers hardness test and its value which is equal to 122.13 HRC indicate elevated hardness value upto 50% when compare to the hardness value of parent alloy. Tensile specimens were prepared using wire EDM as per ASTM E8 standards. There is no considerable improvement in tensile strength due to addition of above reinforcements. Failure analysis was carried and the factors caused failure was analyzed. In order to study and understand the wear resistance property of Composite which it is mainly known for, wear test was carried out and test results proves the increase in wear resistance property of Composite in terms of frictional force and coefficient of friction. Introduction. Requirement of engineering materials paves the way for invention of advanced materials like super alloys, ceramics, and composites. In these advanced materials Composites have distinguished properties such as increased wear resistance, high specific strength, strength-to-weight ratio, strength to cost ratio etc. This unique property finds application in aerospace, defense, marine, etc. This motivates researchers to fabricate composite with constitution of various reinforcements with aluminum matrix. The addition any one of the reinforcements like SiC, B4C, Al2O3, ZrSiO4, TiN, and TiB2 have been carried out and in process as well. Efforts have been initiated to fabricate metal matrix using in situ salt reactions [1]. The stir casting process parameters were thoroughly examined by Pai. It has been concluded that, stir casting process is relatively simple and less expensive as compared to other processing methods [2,3]. Production of composites using stir casting process needs equal distribution of abrasive particles with the metal matrix. S. Balasivanandha Prabu " Influence of stirring speed and stirring time on distribution of particles in cast metal matrix composite ". In the present study, high silicon content aluminium alloy–silicon carbide metal matrix composite material, with 10% SiC were successfully synthesized, using different stirring speeds and stirring times.. [4]. Cast composite mainly replace steel and alloys used in aerospace, defense mainly wear resistant applications. Titanium diboride (TiB2) gives a number of advantages over traditional ceramic reinforcements such as silicon carbide (SiC) or alumina (Al2O3). But fabrication of composite reinforced with TiB2 has number of challenges [5]. During fabrication of TiB2 chances of formation of cluster is at high side. [6]. TiB2 has resistance to chemical reaction with Aluminum. The wea