The United Front policy in context : Vietnam - a case study in Chinese foreign policy

[From the Introduction]:The People's Republic of China (PRC) has a communist and revolutionary government. The declaration of the PRC in October 1949, represented the victory of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), established in 1921, in its struggle against the Chinese Nationalists, the Kuo Min Tang (KMT). This victory seemed to prove that the CCP's strategy, based on a United Front policy, worked. The United Front policy was a manoeuvre by which the CCP united with lesser antagonists against a greater mutual enemy. During the period 1921 to 1949 a relatively weak CCP applied the United Front idea to form, when required, a temporary union even with its fundamental enemy, the KMT.This occurred during the early and mid 1920s and the Sino-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945, and was even attempted in the talks with the KMT after World War 11. The experience with the KMT gave the PRC more confidence in dealing with the outside world. The Korean War made the PRC realise the importance of the safety of its own border. After the Korean War, not surprisingly, the PRC began to use its experience of the United Front strategy in its dealings with international affairs. The selective application of United Front tactics led to PRC foreign policy successes in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The PRC avoided the formidable hostility of the Soviet Union (SU) and played a significant role in the US-SU-PRC triangular relationship. Both domestically and internationally, the United Front strategy has been at the root of much of CCP-PRC policy.It is the contention of this dissertation that the PRC has consistently employed a United Front strategy in its relations with the United States. It takes as its focus the period 1954 to 1973, with particular reference to the conflict in Vietnam. During this period, the comparatively weak PRC sought to accommodate itself to shifts in US Vietnam policy within the limits of its United Front strategy. The period of the US-North Vietnamese peace talks serves as a particularly useful "miniature," as it were, of this process and will be given special attention

A new robust handshake for asymmetric asynchronous micro-pipelines

[[abstract]]In this paper, a new handshake methodology to enhance the performance of the asynchronous micro-pipeline systems is proposed. The proposed handshake methodology has more flexibilities to design an asymmetric asynchronous micro-pipeline system. The proposed handshake methodology also has some advantages, like latch free, robust, high throughput, very short pre-charge time, less transistors, and more flexibility in asymmetry data path. A technique that combines a single-rail dynamic circuit with a dual-rail dynamic circuit was proposed and used to design in the data path. In the critical delay data paths, the dual-rail dynamic circuits were used to improve the operating speed. Others, the single-rail dynamic circuits were used. It brings some advantages that reduce power consumption and die area while maintaining the calculation speed. An asynchronous micro-pipeline array multiplier was designed and implemented by the new robust handshake methodology. Based on the TSMC 0.35μm CMOS technology, the simulation results show that the proposed new handshake methodology has shortest latency and more robust property as compare with other handshake methodologies.[[conferencetype]]國際[[conferencedate]]20030525~20030528[[booktype]]紙本[[conferencelocation]]Bangkok, Thailan

Prioritized prime implicant patterns puzzle for novel logic synthesis and optimization

[[abstract]]Comparing CMOS logic with pass-transistor logic, a question was raised in the minds of the authors: "does any rule exist that contains all good?" This paper reveals novel logic synthesis and optimization procedures for full swing arbitrary logic function. The novel procedures are called prioritized prime implicant patterns puzzle (PPIPP). Following the proposed procedures, we can get a new hybrid high performance logic circuit family, which has low power consumption, low power-delay product, area efficiency and is suitable for low supply voltage. It has full swing signal in all nodes and high robustness against transistor downsizing and voltage scaling[[notice]]補正完畢[[conferencetype]]國際[[conferencedate]]20020107~20020107[[conferencelocation]]Bangalore, Kannad

Axial Vector Z′Z' and Anomaly Cancellation

Whilst the prospect of new $Z'$ gauge bosons with only axial couplings to the Standard Model (SM) fermions is widely discussed, examples of anomaly-free renormalisable models are lacking in the literature. We look to remedy this by constructing several motivated examples. Specifically, we consider axial vectors which couple universally to all SM fermions, as well as those which are generation-specific, leptophilic, and leptophobic. Anomaly cancellation typically requires the presence of new coloured and charged chiral fermions, and we argue that in a large class of models masses of these new states are expected to be comparable to that of the axial vector. Finally, an axial vector mediator could provide a portal between SM and hidden sector states, and we also consider the possibility that the axial vector couples to dark matter. If the dark matter relic density is set due to freeze-out via the axial vector, this strongly constrains the parameter space.Comment: 28 pages, 8 figures. v2. published versio

The relationship between mirror movements and corticospinal tract connectivity in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy

Unilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy (USCP) is caused by an early brain lesion in which the Corticospinal Tract (CST), the primary pathway controlling upper extremity (UE) movements, is affected. The CST connectivity after early brain injury (i.e., an ipsilateral, contralateral, or bilateral connectivity) may influence treatment outcomes. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a common method to probe CST connectivity. However, TMS is limited to children without seizures. Mirror movements (MM), an involuntary imitation of movements by one limb during the contralateral limb voluntary movements, are common in USCP. MM may result when both UEs are controlled by the contralesional motor cortex. Here we investigated the relationship between MM and CST connectivity in children with USCP. We hypothesized that stronger MM were associated with an ipsilateral connectivity. Our secondary aim was to investigate whether the amount of MM was reduced after intensive therapy. Thirty-three children with USCP (mean age=9yrs 6mos; MACS: I-III) participated and were randomized to receive 90hrs of unimanual (n=16) or bimanual (n=17) intensive training. Assessments were measured at baseline and immediately after training. We used TMS and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to determine the CST connectivity. We used three approaches to quantify MM: 1) behavioral MM assessment during contralateral movements, including hand opening/closing, finger opposition, finger individuation, and finger walking, 2) involuntary grip force oscillations recorded by force transducer (FT) when the contralateral hand performed repetitive pinching, and 3) involuntary muscle contractions measured by electromyography (EMG) when the contralateral hand performed pinching. Results showed that strong MM (scores ≥3) in the more-affected hand while hand opening/closing were associated with an ipsilateral pathway (Fisher's exact test, p= 0.02). This association was not found in the remaining tasks (Fisher’s exact test, opposition, p≥ 0.99; individuation, p≥ 0.99; finger walking, p≥ 0.99). Involuntary GF oscillations were measured in a subset of 16 children. Presence of FT-measured MM in the less-affected hand (> 0.3N) was not associated with TMS-probed connectivity (Fisher’s exact test, p= 0.59). Nevertheless, presence of FT-measured MM was associated with DTI-assessed connectivity (Fisher’s exact test, p= 0.0498). Similarly, presence of EMG-measured MM in the more-affected hand was not associated with TMS-probed connectivity (Fisher’s exact test, p= 0.59). Nevertheless, presence of EMG-measured MM was associated with DTI-assessed connectivity (Fisher’s exact test, p= 0.03). The amount of MM did not change after training (p> 0.06 among all measures). In conclusion, strong MM in the more-affected hand while hand opening/closing may be indicative of an ipsilateral connectivity identified by TMS. Presence of MM measured by FT may be a predictor of DTI-assessed CST pattern. Findings of this study may help researchers and clinicians understand the relationship between the CST connectivity and its behavioral manifestation in children with USCP. Such relationship may further guide therapeutic strategies in a wider range of children with USCP

A Power Study For One-Sided Multivariate Test

Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of StatisticsIn this study, parametric and nonparametric tests for two classes of multivariate alternatives called tailored and omnibus alternatives are considered. included among the tests are ump parametric tests and their nonparametric counterparts. from a simulation study it is shown that the proposed tests of tailored altenatives have substantially greater power than the omnibus tests under the tailored alternatives. conditions under which omnibus tests perform well are given. the asymptotic properties of the proposed tailored tests are investigated. for the multivariate case, unlike the univariate case, the are of the wilcoxon statistic relative to the t test depends not only on the population distribution but also on such factors as dimension, covariance structure, and correlation. the robustness of tests of tailored alternatives to misspecification of the form of the tailored alternative is investigated. modest model misspecification has only small effects on efficiencies. small sample test procedures are discussed with the focus being on the situation of a smaller sample size than the number of measurements. permutation tests of one-sided tailored alternatives are considered. the normal approximation to the permutation distribution is shown to be useful even for small sample size. a power study is conducted to investigate factors that affect the relative performances of the proposed test