Causes of and Remedies for the People’s Republic of China’s External Imbalances: The Role of Factor Market Distortion

The current account surplus of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) has drawn much foreign and domestic attention. This paper focuses on the reasons and remedies for the PRC’s current account surpluses. Rather than deploying the standard explanations, we argue that asymmetric market liberalization and the related factor market distortion is the root reason for the PRC’s external imbalances. These cost distortions have artificially lowered PRC production costs, raised profits, and improved their products’ international competitiveness which has not only stimulated the economy, but also brought about severe structural risks. We completed a crude estimation for factor cost distortions in the PRC during 2000–2009 which matched its current account surpluses quite well. In order to rebalance the economy, we recommend that the PRC should adopt a comprehensive reform package focusing on removing the factor market distortions.prc; current account surplus; economic rebalancing; exchange rate; factor market distortion

Defect operators, defect functions and defect indices for analytic submodules

AbstractThis paper mainly concerns defect operators and defect functions of Hardy submodules, Bergman submodules over the unit ball, and Hardy submodules over the polydisk. The defect operator (function) carries key information about operator theory (function theory) and structure of analytic submodules. The problem when a submodule has finite defect is attacked for both Hardy submodules and Bergman submodules. Our interest will be in submodules generated by polynomials. The reason for choosing such submodules is to understand the interaction of operator theory, function theory and algebraic geometry

The influence of pain-related fear levels on structural brain changes in pediatric complex regional pain syndrome

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic neuropathic pain condition associated with significant alterations in the somatosensory and motor cortex brain regions. Cognitive-affective alterations have recently been recognized in patients suffering with CRPS, however, relatively little neuroimaging research has been done to examine these dimensions. Moreover, many children and adolescents suffer from CRPS, but very little is known about the impact of this condition on brain states in the pediatric population. The aim of this paper is to assess the structural brain differences between children with CRPS and healthy controls and to examine to what degree fear level influences such differences. This study is part of a larger investigation that integrates functional and structural brain differences to evaluate fear-related brain circuitry in patients with CRPS. Thirty-seven patients with CRPS were age and gender matched with 35 healthy controls. The two groups underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans as well as completed the Fear of Pain Questionnaire, child report (FOPQ). To examine gray matter differences, voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and cortical thickness (CT) analysis was completed. Patients with CRPS in this study had an average age of 13.2 (SD=2.7) and were predominantly female (73%). Of the 35 patients who completed FOPQ, 49% reported clinically significant pain-related fear. Compared with healthy controls, CRPS patients had significantly less in gray matter (GM) volume in pain- and fear-related brain regions, including the dorsolateral prefrontal gyrus, motor and somatosensory cortex, anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, nucleus accumbens, putamen, amygdala, and hippocampus. Furthermore, gray matter decreases in regions such as anterior midcingulate cortex, nucleus accumbens, and putamen were associated with elevated pain-related fear in patients. Differences in gray matter volume in fear-circuitry areas could potentially be one mechanism by which abnormal fear learning and extinction develops in youth suffering with CRPS. Further research examining brain changes post-treatment is needed to determine if treatments that target improving pain and fear levels are associated with concomitant normalization of brain structures

Equivalence of Hardy Submodules Generated by Polynomials

AbstractIn this paper, we obtain a complete classification under unitary equivalence for Hardy submodules on the polydisk which are generated by ideals of polynomials. Let I be an ideal of polynomials in n variables. Since I is generated by finitely many polynomials, I has a greatest common divisor p. So, I can be uniquely written as I=p L which is called the Beurling form of I. Let I1=p1L1, I2=p2L2. We prove that [I1] and [I2] are unitarily equivalent if and only if there are polynomials q1 and q2 with Z(q1)∩Dn=Z(q2)∩Dn=∅ such that |p1q1|=|p2q2| on Tn, and [p1L1]=[p1L2]. Consequently, two principal submodules [p1] and [p2] are unitarily equivalent if and only if there are polynomials q1 and q2 with Z(q1)∩Dn=Z(q2)∩Dn=∅ such that |p1q1|=|p2q2| on Tn. Furthermore, we give a complete similarity classification for submodules generated by homogeneous ideals. Finally, we point out that in the case of the Hardy module on the unit ball, [I1] and [I2] are unitarily equivalent if and only if they are equal. If I1 and I2 are homogeneous ideals, then [I1] and [I2] are quasi-similar if and only if I1=I2