IMPACT OF HIGH-Κ METAL OXIDE AS GATE DIELECTRIC ON THE CERTAIN ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICON NANOWIRE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS: A SIMULATION STUDY

Standard Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) are gaining prominence in low-power nanoscale applications. This is largely attributed to their proximity to physical and thermal limits, rendering them a compelling option for energy-efficient electronic devices. In this study, we hypothesized that the high-κ HfO2 in a quasi-ballistic SiNW MOSFET acts as the gate dielectric. In this case, the data from the TCAD simulation and the model demonstrated exceptional agreement. The proposed model for a SiNW MOSFET with high-κ HfO2 exhibits a consistently increasing drain current, albeit with a smaller magnitude compared to a quasi-ballistic device (QBD). Additionally, it shows reduced mobility and decreased transconductance when considering the combined effects of scattering and temperature. As gate voltage increases, temperature-induced transconductance decline in SiNW MOSFETs becomes significant. Our method is suitable for modeling scattered SiNW MOSFETs with temperature effects, as TGF values are similar in the subthreshold region for both Near Ballistic and Scattered SiNW MOSFET models

Transformative Effect of Oxygen Plasma to Upshot the Structural and Electrical Properties of Pr0.5Sr0.5MnO3 Manganites

A methodical inquiry of the outcome of oxygen plasma exposure in low bandwidth compounds belonging to the perovskite family Pr1-xSrxMnO3 manganites where x = 0.5, has been presented in this communication by comparing the structural and transport properties of the untreated and plasma treated samples. It is witnessed that the high-temperature transmission is carried out by small polarons while the low-temperature transmission is attributed to variable range polarons. The changes in the transport properties may be attributed to the structural modification due to plasma exposure as revealed by the Rietveld analysis of the X-ray diffraction pattern. Further, oxygen plasma exposure boosts the conductivity due to the integration of oxygen ions in the plasma-exposed samples, thereby rendering them oxygen-rich.Comment: 21 pages, 9 Figures, 3 Table

Water quality and hydrochemical assessments of thermal springs, Gandaki Province, Nepal

Thermal springs are the sites where the water temperature lies above ambient temperature. They are widely used for power generation, hot water spas, balneotherapy, agriculture, laundering, and aquaculture. In Nepal, many thermal springs are reported but scientific understanding on water quality and hydrogeochemistry of the springs is very limited. In this study, a total of 28 physico-chemical parameters were measured in water samples collected from 12 thermal springs from Gandaki Province, Nepal. Correlation matrix and multivariate statistical analysis such as principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were used to understand the water quality and hydrogeochemistry of the hot water springs. The pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and turbidity in the hot water springs ranged from 7.3 to 8.8, 31.6–64.3 °C, 206–16270 μS/cm, 115–6637 mg/L, and 0.21–63.7 NTU; respectively. The dominance order of major anions and cations were: Cl− > HCO3− > SO42− > NO3− > F− and Na+ > Ca2+ > K+ > Mg2+; respectively. Comparison of the water quality parameters with the WHO and National Water Quality Standards suggested that the majority of the parameters were within the safe limit. Out of 9 heavy metals and trace elements analyzed Zn2+, Ni2+, Cr3+, Cd+2, Hg (total), and Pb2+ were found below the safe limit but Fe (total), As (total) and Cu (total) were found higher than the WHO safe limit in total of 3, 5 and 1 sampling sites; respectively. The water quality index (WQI), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), and magnesium hazard (MH) ratio in the hot water springs ranged from 40.9 to 573, 2.2–49.3, 7.1–70.8; respectively. The result of PCA analysis showed that four principal components are required to explain hydrogeochemistry. Cluster analysis suggested that the sampling sites can be grouped into three distinct clusters based on total dissolved solids. Interestingly, the classification of hydrochemical facies using a Piper diagram suggested that 7 out of 12 thermal springs have Na–Cl type water. Finally, a perspective on the suitability of the hot springs for hot water spas and balneotherapy and policy recommendation is provided