Agriculture's prominence in the INDCs

Analysis of agriculture in countries’ climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies finds: Most Parties to the UNFCCC include agriculture in their mitigation targets (80%) and adaptation strategies (64%); Non-annex 1 Parties note the need for international financial support to implement their INDCs and raise the ambition of their contributions; For countries to meet their targets, climate finance will need to address agriculture

How countries plan to address agricultural adaptation and mitigation

Agriculture is well represented in Parties’ adaptation and mitigation strategies as communicated in their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). There is much attention to conventional agricultural practices that can be climate-smart (e.g. livestock and crop management), but less to the enabling services that can facilitate uptake (e.g. climate information services, insurance, and credit). Considerable finance is needed for agricultural adaptation and mitigation by Least Developed Countries (LDCs) – in the order of USD 3 billion annually for adaptation and 2 billion annually for mitigation. Parties need better information in order to refine their finance needs. Non-Annex 1 Parties raise issues of climate justice, social inequality and food security in their INDCs

Medicines adherence: Involving patients in decisions about prescribed medicines and supporting adherence

It is thought that between a third and a half of all medicines1 There are many causes of non-adherence but they fall into two overlapping categories: intentional and unintentional. Unintentional non-adherence occurs when the patient wants to follow the agreed treatment but is prevented from doing so by barriers that are beyond their control. Examples include poor recall or difficulties in understanding the instructions, problems with using the treatment, inability to pay for the treatment, or simply forgetting to take it. prescribed for long-term conditions are not taken as recommended. If the prescription is appropriate, then this may represent a loss to patients, the healthcare system and society. The costs are both personal and economic. Adherence presumes an agreement between prescriber and patient about the prescriber’s recommendations. Adherence to medicines is defined as the extent to which the patient’s action matches the agreed recommendations. Non-adherence may limit the benefits of medicines, resulting in lack of improvement, or deterioration, in health. The economic costs are not limited to wasted medicines but also include the knock-on costs arising from increased demands for healthcare if health deteriorates. Non-adherence should not be seen as the patient’s problem. It represents a fundamental limitation in the delivery of healthcare, often because of a failure to fully agree the prescription in the first place or to identify and provide the support that patients need later on. Addressing non-adherence is not about getting patients to take more medicines per se. Rather, it starts with an exploration of patients’ perspectives of medicines and the reasons why they may not want or are unable to use them. Healthcare professionals have a duty to help patients make informed decisions about treatment and use appropriately prescribed medicines to best effec

Untersuchungen über Carbene, IV Reaktionen von Carbenen mit Aliphatischen Aminen

Methylen reagiert mit N-Methyl-pyrrolidin ausschließlich an den C—H-Bindungen unter Substitution von H durch CH3; eine Ringerweiterung konnte nicht beobachtet werden. Bei der Umsetzung von Carbäthoxycarben mit Triäthylamin ist die Substitution an den zum Stickstoff α-ständigen C—H-Bindungen gegenüber derjenigen an den β-ständigen C—H-Bindungen wesentlich begünstigt. Diese Selektivität des Carbäthoxycarbens wird durch sein elektrophiles Verhalten gedeutet. Daneben findet in geringem Maße eine β-Eliminierung statt. Beim Benzyldimethylamin läßt sich eine Einschiebung des Carbäthoxycarbens zwischen Benzylrest und Stickstoffatom beobachten