Three types of proteinases in Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus hepatopancreas as studied by using carp myofibrils as substrate

Three types of proteinases, namely cysteine-, metallo-, and serine-proteinases, were found in squid hepatopancreas by studying the inhibition spectra using carp myofibril as substrate. The cysteine-, metallo-, and serine-types showed the highest activities at 50℃, 35℃, and 40℃, respectively. The optimal pHs were pH 5, pH 7, and pH 9 for the cysteine-, metallo-, and serine-types, respectively. When assayed at 20℃ and pH 7.5, the metallo-type showed the highest activity. The metallo-type was characterized by a high selectivity in the digestion of myosin. Among the three enzymes, the cysteine-type was found to be the most stable against thermal and acid treatments. Heat treated myofibrils were more susceptible to cysteine- and serine-types, but less susceptible to the metallo-type. Acid treatment of myofibrils also enhanced the digestibility by cysteine type. The results indicated that the cysteine-type seemed to be the most suitable enzyme to produce peptides from denatured myofibrils by their random digestion

Efficacy of interferential current transcutaneous electrical sensory stimulation through the neck skin for treating dysphagia in children with disabilities: A case series

Finding a suitable treatment for dysphagia has been challenging and the efficacy of neuromuscular electrical stimulation has been recognized. Moreover, the beneficial effect of interferential current transcutaneous electrical sensory stimulation has recently been described. However, the efficacy of interferential current transcutaneous electrical sensory stimulation in children with disabilities is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to confirm the efficacy of interferential current transcutaneous electrical sensory stimulation in children with disabilities. Four children with disabilities of various types underwent interferential current transcutaneous electrical sensory stimulation once a week. All patients showed improved symptoms after interferential current transcutaneous electrical sensory stimulation treatment. Videoendoscopic examination showed reduced accumulation of secretion in all patients and decreased residual bolus in two. We also felt an increased forcefulness when swallowing in two. In addition, the questionnaire results regarding dysphagia indicated improvements. No significant side effects were observed. The interferential current transcutaneous electrical sensory stimulation treatment may be effective and safe in children with disabilities. The effect of this treatment on swallowing ability needs to be further investigated by studying more cases

sj-docx-1-sco-10.1177_2050313X221149527 – Supplemental material for Efficacy of interferential current transcutaneous electrical sensory stimulation through the neck skin for treating dysphagia in children with disabilities: A case series

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-sco-10.1177_2050313X221149527 for Efficacy of interferential current transcutaneous electrical sensory stimulation through the neck skin for treating dysphagia in children with disabilities: A case series by Michinori Funato, Kanako Maruta, Mitsuru Yano, Mitsue Kai, Yaeko Umezawa, Kunihiko Yasuda, Emi Ohta-Noda and Keika Gen in SAGE Open Medical Case Reports</p