79,654 research outputs found
A High Reliability Asymptotic Approach for Packet Inter-Delivery Time Optimization in Cyber-Physical Systems
In cyber-physical systems such as automobiles, measurement data from sensor
nodes should be delivered to other consumer nodes such as actuators in a
regular fashion. But, in practical systems over unreliable media such as
wireless, it is a significant challenge to guarantee small enough
inter-delivery times for different clients with heterogeneous channel
conditions and inter-delivery requirements. In this paper, we design scheduling
policies aiming at satisfying the inter-delivery requirements of such clients.
We formulate the problem as a risk-sensitive Markov Decision Process (MDP).
Although the resulting problem involves an infinite state space, we first prove
that there is an equivalent MDP involving only a finite number of states. Then
we prove the existence of a stationary optimal policy and establish an
algorithm to compute it in a finite number of steps.
However, the bane of this and many similar problems is the resulting
complexity, and, in an attempt to make fundamental progress, we further propose
a new high reliability asymptotic approach. In essence, this approach considers
the scenario when the channel failure probabilities for different clients are
of the same order, and asymptotically approach zero. We thus proceed to
determine the asymptotically optimal policy: in a two-client scenario, we show
that the asymptotically optimal policy is a "modified least time-to-go" policy,
which is intuitively appealing and easily implementable; in the general
multi-client scenario, we are led to an SN policy, and we develop an algorithm
of low computational complexity to obtain it. Simulation results show that the
resulting policies perform well even in the pre-asymptotic regime with moderate
failure probabilities
Effect of the symmetry energy on nuclear stopping and its relation to the production of light charged fragments
We present a complete systematics (excitation function, impact parameter,
system size, isospin asymmetry, and equations of state dependences) of global
stopping and fragment production for heavy-ion reactions in the energy range
between 50 and 1000 MeV/nucleon in the presence of symmetry energy and an
isospin-dependent cross section. It is observed that the degree of stopping
depends weakly on the symmetry energy and strongly on the isospin-dependent
cross section. However, the symmetry energy and isospin-dependent cross section
has an effect of the order of more than 10% on the emission of light charged
particles (LCP's). It means that nuclear stopping and LCP's can be used as a
tool to get the information of an isospin-dependent cross section.
Interestingly, the LCP's emission in the presence of symmetry energy is found
to be highly correlated with the global stopping.Comment: 16 pages, 8 figure
The modern technology of iron and steel production and possible ways of their development
Π ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Ρ ΡΡΠ³ΡΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ. ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»Ρ Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ². Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΠ³ΡΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΠΠ½ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π₯ΠΠ’Π§ (ΠΠΠ’Π‘H, Π‘anada) Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
Π‘Π2 Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ² Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½Π° G-CAP β’ (ΠΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΠΎΠΌ β ΠΠΎΡΡΠ±Π° Ρ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
Π° ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΡΠΌ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ), Π° Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ β En-MAPTM (ΠΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ). ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Ρ Ρ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³Π°Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ
Π½Π° ΠΊΠ²ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π‘Π2. Π ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ³ΡΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. ΠΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΠ³ΡΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ G-CAP β’ ΠΈ G-CAP β’ , ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ HATCH Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π‘Π2 Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈIn the changing global market scenario for raw materials for the steel industry, a number of novel iron and steelmaking process technologies are being developed to provide the steel companies with economically-sustainable alternatives for iron and steel-making. In addition, the steel industry is also focusing on reduction of energy consumption as well as green-house gas (GHG) emissions to address the crucial subject of climate change. Climate change is presenting new risks to the highly energy and carbon-intensive, iron and steel industry. The industry needs to focus on reduction of energy consumption as GHG emissions to address climate change. Development of alternate iron and steelmaking process technologies can provide steel companies with economically-sustainable alternatives for steel production. For managing climate change risks, novel modelling tools have been developed by Hatch to quantify and qualify potential energy savings and CO2 abatement within the iron and steel industry. The tool developed for abatement of greenhouse gas carbon is called G-CAPTM (Green-House Gas Carbon Abatement Process) while that developed for improving energy efficiency is called En-MAPTM (Energy Management Action Planning). Evaluation of existing operations have shown that most integrated plants have GHG and energy abatement opportunities; on the other hand, the best-in-class plants may not have a lot of low-risk abatement opportunities left, even at high CO2 price. In this context, it is important to assess these critical issues for the alternate iron and steelmaking technologies that have been developed. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of energy-efficiency and GHG emissions for some selected iron- and steelmaking technologies that are being considered for implementation. In this work, Hatchβs G-CAPβ’ and En-MAPβ’ tools that were developed with the main objective of quantifying and qualifying the potential energy savings and CO2 abatement within the iron and steel industry, were employed in the evaluation conducted
Electromagnetic induction and damping - quantitative experiments using PC interface
A bar magnet, attached to an oscillating system, passes through a coil
periodically, generating a series of emf pulses. A novel method is described
for the quantitative verification of Faraday's law which eliminates all errors
associated with angular measurements, thereby revealing delicate features of
the underlying mechanics. When electromagnetic damping is activated by
short-circuiting the coil, a distinctly linear decay of oscillation amplitude
is surprisingly observed. A quantitative analysis reveals an interesting
interplay of the electromagnetic and mechanical time scales.Comment: 4 pages, to appear in Am. J. Phy
Direct and secondary nuclear excitation with x-ray free-electron lasers
The direct and secondary nuclear excitation produced by an x-ray free
electron laser when interacting with a solid-state nuclear target is
investigated theoretically. When driven at the resonance energy, the x-ray free
electron laser can produce direct photoexcitation. However, the dominant
process in that interaction is the photoelectric effect producing a cold and
very dense plasma in which also secondary processes such as nuclear excitation
by electron capture may occur. We develop a realistic theoretical model to
quantify the temporal dynamics of the plasma and the magnitude of the secondary
excitation therein. Numerical results show that depending on the nuclear
transition energy and the temperature and charge states reached in the plasma,
secondary nuclear excitation by electron capture may dominate the direct
photoexcitation by several orders of magnitude, as it is the case for the 4.8
keV transition from the isomeric state of Mo, or it can be negligible,
as it is the case for the 14.4 keV M\"ossbauer transition in
. These findings are most relevant for future nuclear quantum
optics experiments at x-ray free electron laser facilities.Comment: 17 pages, 7 figures; minor corrections made; accepted by Physics of
Plasma
- β¦