PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SECONDARY COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common endocrine metabolic disorder, characterised by hyperglycemia. The cause of this hyperglycemia is either insufficient or inefficient insulin which leads to the imbalance in the metabolism of not only carbohydrates but also protein and lipids. Diabetes mellitus is associated with various kind of abnormalities which affects almost all the parts of the body including eye, kidney, brain, foot etc. Hyperglycemia is not the only reason which gives diabetes mellitus a tag of most apocalyptic disease; it is the complications which arise from the higher concentration of glucose or metabolites comes from its variant metabolic pathways. DM causes both microvascular and macrovascular complications. Microvascular complications, caused by the damage of small blood vessels, includes nephropathy (kidney disease), retinopathy (eye damage) and neuropathy (nerve damage) whereas macrovascular complication, caused by the damage of large blood vessels, includes blood vessels arteries and veins. There are six metabolic pathways are there which normally leads to these complications. These pathways are sorbitol pathway, advanced glycation pathway, Hexosamine pathway, PKC pathway, ketoaldehyde pathway and oxidative stress

Investigation on Poly(acrylate-co-acrylamide)/polyanilineConducting Hydrogel

In the present work, conducting poly(acrylate-co-acrylamide)/polyaniline (PAANa-co-AM/PANI) hydrogel was synthesized and its structural and electrical properties were studied in detail. The composite material was prepared by two step interpenetrating network solution polymerization of aniline inside the poly(acrylate-co-acrylamide) hydrogel matrix. The polymerization reactions were carried out in aqueous medium and in the presence of ammonium persulphate (APS) as initiator and N, N’-methylene bisacrylamide (NMBA) as crosslinker. Effects of crosslinker, initiator, aniline monomer, acrylamide amount and particle size of superabsorbent polymer on the synthesis and conductivity of (PAANa-co-AM/PANI) hydrogel were studied in detail. The structure and morphological analysis was done using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniqes. The conductivity of P(AANa-co-AM)/PANI was found as high as 0.81 mS cm-1 with optimized synthesis conditions

HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS ASSOCIATED CERVICAL CANCER: A REVIEW

ABSTRACTGlobally, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer, and in India, it is the most common cancer in women. Human papilloma virus (HPV) isthe main cause of it. Although there are several methods for preventing cervical cancer, primary prevention by vaccination is the most effective option.HPV vaccine is safe and effective. It is expensive and is not a replacement for periodic cervical screening procedures. In developing countries, the costeffectivenessofthevaccineand that ofeffectivescreeningprogramwith broadercoverageis questionable.Today,HPV vaccinewith regularcervicalcancerscreeningprogramis the best possible tooltopreventcervical cancer.Keywords: Papilloma, Cervical, E6, E7, Cancer, Epithelium

ASSESSMENT OF EPILEPSY CLASSIFICATION USING TECHNIQUES SUCH AS SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION, APPROXIMATE ENTROPY, AND WEIGHTED K-NEAREST NEIGHBORS MEASURES

Objective: The main aim of this research is to reduce the dimension of the epileptic Electroencephalography (EEG) signals and then classify it usingvarious post classifiers. For the evaluation and easy treatment of neurological diseases, EEG signals are used. The reflection of the electrical activitiesof the human brain is obtained by the measurement of potentials in EEG. To study and explore the brain functions in an exhaustive manner, EEG is usedby both physicians and scientists. The study of the electrical activity of the brain which is done through EEG recording is a vital tool for the diagnosis ofmany neurological diseases which include epilepsy, sleep disorders, injuries in head, dementia etc. One of the most commonly occurring and prevalentneurological disorders is epilepsy and it is easily characterized by recurrent seizures.Methods: This paper employs the concept of dimensionality reduction concepts like Fuzzy Mutual Information (FMI), Independent ComponentAnalysis (ICA), Linear Graph Embedding (LGE), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and finally Variational Bayesian Matrix Factorization (VBMF).The epilepsy risk levels are also classified using post classifiers like Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), Approximate Entropy (ApEn) and WeightedKNN (W-KNN) classifiers.Results: The highest accuracy is obtained when LDA is combined with Weighted KNN (W-KNN) Classifiers and it is of 97.18%. Conclusion: Thus the EEG signals not only represent the brain function but also the status of the whole body. The best result obtained was whenLDA is engaged as a dimensionality reduction technique followed by the usage of the W-KNN as post classifier for the classification of epilepsy risklevels from EEG signals. Future work may incorporate the possible usage of different dimensionality reduction techniques with various other types ofclassifiers for the perfect classification of epilepsy risk levels from EEG signals.Keywords: FMI, ICA, LGE, LDA, W-KNN, EE

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Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: another masquerader!

Euglycemic ketoacidosis is defined by the triad of euglycemia, metabolic acidosis and ketonemia or ketonuria. In the current era of diabetic management, it is a serious concern with the usage of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors potentiated by a number of precipitating agents. Empagliflozin though a novel oral hypoglycemic agent in this category may also lead to this potential complication. Here we report a 59 year old male, type 2 diabetic who was on empagliflozin and presented with euglycemic ketoacidosis after a binge of alcohol.

Perspectives on Ecosystem Services: Approaches, Development and Valuation

Ecosystem services originate from a functioning ecosystem and are of direct value to humans. They enter the utility function either directly, or along with labour, capital, and other produced goods as inputs in a production process resulting in consumable goods. Most ecosystem goods and services have produced although usually imperfect substitutes. It is the nature of economic and population growth that some ecosystem goods and services become depleted and that humans use inputs including plentiful ecosystem goods and services to produce new capital and goods that compensate for such depletion. An economic question is whether the substitutes for ecosystem services cost society more to produce than the opportunity cost of protecting the original ecosystem services. Many ecosystem services and some ecosystem goods are commonly received for free. The marketing of ecosystem goods and services is basically an effort to turn such recipients those who benefit without ownership into buyers, thereby providing market signals that serve to help protect valuable services. Some formal arrangement is needed to make this happe