EDIBLE VACCINES: FUTURE AND ITS PROSPECTS

Vaccines were the result of trial and error research until molecular biology and genetic engineering made possible the creation of many new and improved vaccines. New vaccines need to be inexpensive, easily administered, and capable of being stored and transported without refrigeration; without these characteristics, developing countries find it difficult to adopt vaccination as the central strategy for preventing their most devastating diseases. Edible vaccines hold great promise as a cost-effective, easy-to-administer, easy-to-store, fail-safe and socio culturally readily acceptable vaccine delivery system, especially for the poor developing countries. It involves introduction of selected desired genes into plants and then inducing these altered plants to manufacture the encoded proteins. Introduced as a concept about a decade ago, it has become a reality today. A variety of delivery systems have been developed. Initially thought to be useful only for preventing infectious diseases, it has also found application in prevention of autoimmune diseases, birth control, cancer therapy, etc. Edible vaccines are currently being developed for a number of human and animal diseases. There is growing acceptance of transgenic crops in both industrial and developing countries. Resistance to genetically modified foods may affect the future of edible vaccines. Plants are capable of producing recombinant antigens that undergo similar post translational modifications as their mammalian-derived counterparts and in contrast to bacterial expression systems

SILVER NANOPARTICLE BASED HYDROGELS OF TULSI EXTRACTS FOR TOPICAL DRUG DELIVERY

The present study aimed to formulate Silver Nanoparticle based Hydrogel of Tulsi (Ocimum Sanctum) extract for Topical delivery. The Silver nanoparticles were prepared using 1mM Silver Nitrate solution and Tulsi extract. Prepared nanoparticles were characterized for particle size and zeta potential. The optimized silver nanoparticles were incorporated into three different carbopol-940 solutions 3%, 5% and 10% carbopol-940 solution to produce Gel A, Gel B and Gel C respectively for improving convenience in superficial application. In vitro and vivo drug penetration studies of nanoparticles gels were determined using dialysis membrane. The particle size was found around 14nm to 28nm. The viscosity of the nanoparticle gels were found around 7500 centiPa.S to 7900 centiPa.S respectively. The poly dispersibility value was found very low indicating uniformity of droplet size of the formulations. The drug content in gels was found in between 97.2% to 98.26%. The drug release was found to be 71.33 % to 73.6% after 6 h. The results indicated that nanoparticle based Hydrogel C is a promising vehicle for Topical delivery of Tulsi Extract

DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS: IDENTIFICATION, DIAGNOSIS AND CURE

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a fairly common complication of diabetes. There are two forms: neuropathic ulcers and ischemic ulcers, although most DFUs are a mixture of both. Neuropathic Diabetic Foot Ulcers may come about because high blood sugar levels damage the nerves in your legs (called peripheral neuropathy). This means you are less likely to feel when you have injured your foot. The injury may be something as small and insignificant as a blister or a cut from walking with a stone in your shoe. If you cant feel the pain, then you do not know the injury is there and wont protect it and avoid walking on it. This makes it hard for the wound to heal. People with diabetes often suffer from poor blood circulation, especially to the legs (as part of a wider circulation problem called peripheral vascular disease). This means that it takes longer for your foot wounds to heal than for people with normal blood flow. This is Ischemic Diabetic Foot Ulcer. If a wound cannot heal, it is called an ulcer and it can become very serious. A diabetic foot ulcer presents a perfect way for germs and infection to enter your body. Infection can spread via the blood stream and enter into your bones. When this happens, the best, although drastic, action is to amputate the affected limb to stop gangrene spreading throughout your body. In the US and the UK, around half of all amputations are related to diabetes. Around half of people who have a leg amputated due to diabetes die within 5 years of the operation. This wouldnt need to happen if we had better foot care. Diabetic foot ulcer is one of the long standing complications of diabetic mellitus with the life time risk up to 25%. Many of the etiological factors contributing to the formation of diabetic foot ulceration may be identified using simple, inexpensive equipment in a clinical setting. Appropriate wound care for diabetic patients addresses these issues and provides optimal local ulcer therapy with debridement of necrotic tissue and provision of a moist wound-healing environment. The pathogenesis of foot ulceration is complex, clinical presentation variable, and management requires early expert assessment. Interventions should be directed at infection, peripheral ischemia and abnormal pressure loading caused by peripheral neuropathy and limited joint mobility

Pd/C-Catalyzed Carbonylative Amidation for the Synthesis of 2‑Carboxamidocyclohexane-1,3-diones

Herein, a first-ever heterogeneous Pd/C-catalyzed single-step tandem approach for the synthesis of 2-carboxamidocyclohexane-1,3-diones via direct carbonylative C–H amidation of cyclohexane-1,3-diones is reported. The reaction progressed under base-, oxidant-, and ligand-free conditions employing oxalic acid as a CO surrogate and sodium azide as a nitrogen precursor in a double-layer vial system

Probing strangeness hadronization with event-by-event production of multistrange hadrons

This Letter presents the first measurement of event-by-event fluctuations of the net number (difference between the particle and antiparticle multiplicities) of multistrange hadrons $\Xi^-$ and $\overline{\Xi}^+$ and its correlation with the net-kaon number using the data collected by the ALICE Collaboration in pp, p-Pb, and Pb-Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02\ \mathrm{TeV}$. The statistical hadronization model with a correlation over three units of rapidity between hadrons having the same and opposite strangeness content successfully describes the results. On the other hand, string-fragmentation models that mainly correlate strange hadrons with opposite strange quark content over a small rapidity range fail to describe the data.This Letter presents the first measurement of event-by-event fluctuations of the net number (difference between the particle and antiparticle multiplicities) of multistrange hadrons $\Xi^-$ and $\overline{\Xi}^+$ and its correlation with the net-kaon number using the data collected by the ALICE Collaboration in pp, p$-$Pb, and Pb$-$Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02\ \mathrm{TeV}$. The statistical hadronization model with a correlation over three units of rapidity between hadrons having the same and opposite strangeness content successfully describes the results. On the other hand, string-fragmentation models that mainly correlate strange hadrons with opposite strange quark content over a small rapidity range fail to describe the data

Measurement of 3ΛH production in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV

he first measurement of 3ΛH and 3Λ¯¯¯¯H¯¯¯¯ differential production with respect to transverse momentum and centrality in Pb−Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02~TeV is presented. The 3ΛH has been reconstructed via its two-charged-body decay channel, i.e., 3ΛH→3He+π−. A Blast-Wave model fit of the pT-differential spectra of all nuclear species measured by the ALICE collaboration suggests that the 3ΛH kinetic freeze-out surface is consistent with that of other nuclei. The ratio between the integrated yields of 3ΛH and 3He is compared to predictions from the statistical hadronisation model and the coalescence model, with the latter being favoured by the presented measurements

Measurement of Λ3H{}_{\Lambda}^{3}\mathrm{H} production in Pb−-Pb collisions at sNN\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = 5.02 TeV

The first measurement of $_{\Lambda}^{3}\mathrm{H}$ and $^3_ {\overline{\Lambda}}\overline{\mathrm{H}}$ differential production with respect to transverse momentum and centrality in Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$~TeV is presented. The $_{\Lambda}^{3}\mathrm{H}$ has been reconstructed via its two-charged-body decay channel, i.e., $_{\Lambda}^{3}\mathrm{H} \rightarrow {}^{3}\mathrm{He} + \pi^{-}$. A Blast-Wave model fit of the $p_{\rm T}$-differential spectra of all nuclear species measured by the ALICE collaboration suggests that the $_{\Lambda}^{3}\mathrm{H}$ kinetic freeze-out surface is consistent with that of other nuclei. The ratio between the integrated yields of $_{\Lambda}^{3}\mathrm{H}$ and $^3\mathrm{He}$ is compared to predictions from the statistical hadronisation model and the coalescence model, with the latter being favoured by the presented measurements.The first measurement of $_{\Lambda}^{3}\mathrm{H}$ and $^3_ {\overline{\Lambda}}\overline{\mathrm{H}}$ differential production with respect to transverse momentum and centrality in Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$~TeV is presented. The $_{\Lambda}^{3}\mathrm{H}$ has been reconstructed via its two-charged-body decay channel, i.e., $_{\Lambda}^{3}\mathrm{H} \rightarrow {}^{3}\mathrm{He} + \pi^{-}$. A Blast-Wave model fit of the $p_{\rm T}$-differential spectra of all nuclear species measured by the ALICE collaboration suggests that the $_{\Lambda}^{3}\mathrm{H}$ kinetic freeze-out surface is consistent with that of other nuclei. The ratio between the integrated yields of $_{\Lambda}^{3}\mathrm{H}$ and $^3\mathrm{He}$ is compared to predictions from the statistical hadronisation model and the coalescence model, with the latter being favoured by the presented measurements

Probing strangeness hadronization with event-by-event production of multistrange hadrons

This Letter presents the first measurement of event-by-event fluctuations of the net number (difference between the particle and antiparticle multiplicities) of multistrange hadrons Ξ− and Ξ¯¯¯¯+ and its correlation with the net-kaon number using the data collected by the ALICE Collaboration in pp, p−Pb, and Pb−Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV. The statistical hadronization model with a correlation over three units of rapidity between hadrons having the same and opposite strangeness content successfully describes the results. On the other hand, string-fragmentation models that mainly correlate strange hadrons with opposite strange quark content over a small rapidity range fail to describe the data