Inflationary cross-correlations of a non-minimal spectator and their soft limits

Light spectator fields may not be dynamically relevant for the inflationary phase of the early universe, but they can still induce interesting imprints on cosmological observables. In this paper, we compute the cross-correlations of the inflationary perturbations, both scalar and tensor, with the fluctuations of a non-minimally interacting spectator field using the in-in formalism and investigate the consistency relations associated with such cross-correlations. In particular, the scalar consistency relation is derived semi-classically by generalizing the consistency relation obtained earlier for cosmic magnetic fields. Notably, we find that the direct coupling between the inflaton and the spectator solely determines the local non-linearity parameter associated with the scalar cross-correlation during slow-roll inflation, regardless of the specific form of the Lagrangian for the spectator field. Further, we calculate the tensor correlation with spectator fluctuations, explore the associated soft limits, and demonstrate the violation of the conventional tensor consistency relation with a non-minimal derivative coupling. Our analysis stresses that the violation of tensor consistency relations does not necessarily imply the superhorizon evolution of tensor modes. Instead, such violations can arise due to the non-minimal derivative coupling of the spectator field to gravity. Finally, we discuss the wider implications of our results in the context of cosmological soft theorems.Comment: 23 page

Time stamped Digital Signature Scheme with Message Recovery & Its Application in E-Cash System

We propose a Timestamped signature scheme which can be verified universally using signer’s public parameters. A trusted third party, the Timestamping System provides timestamp to a signature without even knowing the content of the document. The proposed scheme can withstand active attacks, such as forgery attack and chosen cipher text attack. It also provides the message recovery feature, i.e., from the timestamped signature, the message can be recovered by the receiver. Hence, the message need not be sent with the signature. The suggested scheme do not require any hash function and there by reduces the verification cost as compared to existing schemes at the expense of marginal increase in signature generation cost. Further, the scheme is more secured as its security lies in solving three computationally hard assumptions Performance analysis of both the schemes has been carried out in details. We applied the Time-stamped signature scheme with Message recovery in Ecash syste

Experimental Investigation on the Cold – Formed Steel – Concrete Composite Beam Under Flexure

Steel – concrete composite members are widely used in the construction of multistorey buildings and bridges. Composite construction takes the advantages of steel and concrete, in turn reduces the cost of construction. This paper discuss the use of galvanised steel with concrete as composite beam under flexural loading. Six specimens were tested to failure with varying number of headed stud connectors from 0 to 5. Load carrying capacity of the composite beam specimen improved by 62 % as compared to beam without shear connectors. The mode of failure of the composite beam is mainly due to failure of the shear connectors at tension zone, which leads to formation of multiple cracks on concrete portion. The analytical model was developed using finite element software ANSYS and found to obtain similar result as compared to the experimental results with minimal variation in the central deflection

Bacteriological profile of patients with biliary obstruction in tertiary care center

Background: Bile ducts are usually kept sterile by bacteriostatic and flushing effects of bile. Patients presenting with biliary obstruction especially due to benign etiology have either single or multiple bacterial organisms. Acute cholangitis carries significant morbidity with variable mortality rate. The serious presentation of such toxic patients signifies the requirement of appropriate antibiotic treatment.  Choledocholithiasis followed by neoplasm and benign biliary strictures are the common predisposing factors for obstruction. Widespread use of antibiotics over years lead to change in sensitivity pattern of organisms which necessitates change in empiric antibiotic usage. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in department of medical gastroenterology. We studied 50 patients with biliary obstruction (clinical and demographic data were recorded). The diagnosis of cholangitis was made according to TG2018. While undergoing therapeutic ERCP, bile aspirate was collected by biliary cannulation and sent for microbiological analysis. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern and rest of the data were analyzed by appropriate statistical tests. Results: Mean age of the study group was 49 years. Majority were female in study (60%). Overall, 74% had benign etiology, 32% had cholangitis. Bile cultures were positive in 64% patients 75% of them had benign etiology (gallstone being most common; 56%) and 25% had malignant etiology. Bacterobilia in cholangitis patients was statistically significant in comparison to patients without cholangitis (p-0.01). Organisms grown are mainly aerobic gram negative, most common being E. coli, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas species. Patients having bacterobilia had mortality of 6.25% during hospital stay. Conclusions: In this study we found higher sensitivity to colistin (90.6%), tigecycline (81.25%), amikacin (75%) and least sensitivity was noted for ampicillin (6.25%) followed by cefixime (12.5%). Sensitivity to previously commonly used ciprofloxacin antibiotic was 31.25%. Study confirms the significance of obtaining routine bile sample during ERCP in obstructed biliary system to prevent dreaded complications of cholangitis

A ROTATING SUPPORTIVE REACTIVE TURBINE FOR ADVANCED REQUIREMENT

For any typical doubly given induction generator (DFIG) wind generator system, the reactive power could be supported through either the rotor-side ripper tools or even the grid-side ripper tools. This paper first blogs about the current ripples and supportive reactive power ranges between your conventional L and enhanced LCL filter, when the reactive power is injected in the grid-side ripper tools. The current grid requirement is responsible for the wind power system behaves a lot more like conventional rotating generators, and with the ability to support specific amount from the reactive power. Then, losing distribution is evaluated for both the generator and also the wind power ripper tools with regards to the reactive power made by the rotor-side ripper tools or even the grid-side ripper tools with assorted grid filters. Afterward, the annual energy loss can also be believed according to yearly wind profile. It's figured overexcited reactive power injected in the grid-side ripper tools has lower energy loss each year when compared to overexcited reactive power taught in rotor-side ripper tools. Finally, experimental outcomes of losing distribution are carried out inside a lower-scaled DFIG system. In addition, it's also discovered that the annual energy loss may even become lower using the enhanced filter and therefore more wind turbine for that wind generato