'Constant in gain Lead in phase' element - Application in precision motion control

This work presents a novel 'Constant in gain Lead in phase' (CgLp) element using nonlinear reset technique. PID is the industrial workhorse even to this day in high-tech precision positioning applications. However, Bode's gain phase relationship and waterbed effect fundamentally limit performance of PID and other linear controllers. This paper presents CgLp as a controlled nonlinear element which can be introduced within the framework of PID allowing for wide applicability and overcoming linear control limitations. Design of CgLp with generalized first order reset element (GFORE) and generalized second order reset element (GSORE) (introduced in this work) is presented using describing function analysis. A more detailed analysis of reset elements in frequency domain compared to existing literature is first carried out for this purpose. Finally, CgLp is integrated with PID and tested on one of the DOFs of a planar precision positioning stage. Performance improvement is shown in terms of tracking, steady-state precision and bandwidth

Feasibility study of using a steam power system in a small garden tractor

This thesis is a feasibility study of using a steam power system in a small garden tractor. The relative advantages of steam power are discussed and compared with the characteristics of internal combustion engines. A monotube boiler is designed where steam is generated in stacked tube spirals. The boiler generates 225 lbs/hr of dry saturated steam at 500 psia, which corresponds to an engine output of 20 IHpage A rotary positive displacement engine is employed to expand the steam to 16 psia. A rotor instead of a piston eliminates the conventional connecting rod and crank shaft. The engine developes 15 IHP at 1000 r.p.m. and can produce 20 IHP continuously at maximum boiler capacity. An air cooled condenser is designed to condense all the steam produced at maximum boiler generating capacity. An inexpensive V-belt and pulley power system (which eliminates the need for a conventional sliding gear or hydraulic transmission) is described. An arrangement of components is specified such that the dimensions of the tractor are similar to those of a typical 12 HP garden tractor. Construction of a prototype tractor is recommended on the basis of this study --Abstract, page ii

Analysis of Power Sector in India: A Structural Perspective

The inhibitors to growth in power sector were many—small and big but the main roadblock in the growth path was Government Policy, which made it difficult or rather impossible for a private player to enter. This further aggravated the problem that Indian entrepreneurs didn’t have enough knowledge and experience in developing power projects. To worsen the scenario, the SEBs and other Government Agencies became financially weak to propel any future expansion or growth in the sector. Electricity Act, 2003 was a major step in solving the above underlying problems of the power sector. A whole new system was evolved where private players were invited to be an active participant. The system demanded financial, political and other infrastructural growth—with major requirement in roads and communication. Some of the bold steps taken in the Act were moving generation and distribution out of ‘License Raj’ regime, opening access to national grid and demolishing the ‘Single Buyer’ model. The failure of the huge federal structure and the changing global scenario have forced Government to think of ways to revive this fundamental infrastructure sector. Two of the avenues that government can count on for future growth of this sector is “Midgets or Small Power Plants” and “CDM—Clean Development Mechanism” .Power Sector , India

Guidelines for increasing application of 3D Metal Printing- a case study at Equinor ASA

The world is evolving towards automation at a rapid rate. With this, there are lot of gaps that need to be filled as we switch from conventional methodology of doing things to the adaptation of newer automated technology. One of those many news aspects is Additive Manufacturing, also known as 3D printing. 3D Printing has changed significantly over the years, from it being used for making prototypes for the designs, to its being used for making actual functional parts. Having the potential to revolutionize the manufacturing industry in many different aspects, it has become very important for every industry to penetrate the technology in their mainstream methodology of doing things. The aim of this thesis is to takes all of the factors into account and develop suitable guidelines for increasing application of 3D Metal Printing. The project is done in collaboration with Equinor ASA, where in a case study was performed on a standard part provided with them. The methodology of conducting the study focuses on realizing the received part, that is manufactured using conventional technique, to be produced using 3D printing technology. The first part of the thesis consists of a thorough literature survey about the 3D printing technology and its market. The survey is followed by the experimentation phase which involves reverse engineering, redesigning, analysis, simulation, and cost estimation with a comparison study on each. During this course of realization, guidelines with suitable justification are prepared. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities offered by the additive manufacturing technology are also discussed. This will also provide a direction in order to integrate additive manufacturing technique in the conventional manufacturing technology

SYNTHESIS OF TRIAZOLOTHIADIAZINE DERIVATIVES AS ANTIOXIDANT AGENTS

Objectives: The objective of the present study is to synthesize 3-substituted phenyl-6-phenyl-7H-[1, 2, 4] triazolo [3, 4-b][1,3,4] thiadiazine. The structures of all the synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR and mass spectral studies.Methods: The titled compounds were synthesized by the reaction of substituted benzoic acid with thiocarbohydrazide followed by refluxing with 2-bromoacetophenone in ethanol. These compounds were evaluated for in-vitro antioxidant activity by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method.Results: Compounds 2e and 2i exhibited good antioxidant activity as compared with standard, ascorbic acid.Conclusion: In summary, 3-substituted phenyl-6-phenyl-7H-[1, 2, 4] triazolo [3, 4-b] [1, 3, 4] thiadiazine derivatives have been synthesized and characterized. In-vitro antioxidant activity of the compounds was screened by DPPH free radical scavenging method. Among the synthesized compounds, the compounds 2e and 2i have been shown the most prominent antioxidant activity using ascorbic acid as standard. The future perspective of in-vivo antioxidant evaluation of these compounds can be the potential lead.Â

DESIGN, FABRICATION AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF THE RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTOR THIN FILM SENSORS

Thin film heat transfer sensors are most cost effective resistance temperature detector (RTD) sensors for dynamic temperature measurements mainly because of very fast response time (milliseconds or less). These sensors are prepared by deposited high conducting very sensitive gauge material (platinum/nickel/silver) on the insulating surface (pyrex/macor/quartz). The purpose of this work is to fabricate different types of thin film sensors by using high conducting platinum and nanomaterials. After fabrication all these sensors are statically calibrated by oil bath type methods and the typical value of sensitivity for each sensor are calculated and then compared the results between them