Azadirachta indica induced suppression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis secreted proteins in human monocyte

The H37Rv strain of MTB was grown in modified Sauton’s medium till mid-log phase. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated by density gradient sedimentation on Ficoll-Paque separation medium. Adherent monocytes obtained from PBMC’s were infected with H37Rv for 90 min. in the ratio of 1:1 (1 bug: 1 cell). Thereafter, after washing, infected cells were co-cultured with varying doses of neem extract for 24 hrs, and harvested subsequently. Modulation of secreted TNF-[alpha], iNOS and MTB Ag85 complex expressions in culture supernatants was estimated by ELISA.
We report the high basal expression of secreted tumor necrosis factor-[alpha] (TNF-[alpha]), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and MTB Ag85 complex in MTB-infected monocytes was suppressed by neem extract in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.001 for all). A concentration of 1ug/ml of neem extract showed a suppression by ~ 2.5-fold (P<0.001), 1.7-fold (P<0.001) and 1.8-fold (P<0.001) in the expressions of
secreted TNF-[alpha], iNOS and MTB Ag85 respectively in 24 hr culture supernatants of MTB-infected monocytes.
Thus, neem extract seems to be a potential future adjunct for in-depth studies in the management of tuberculosis

Dynamic Load Balancing By Scheduling In Computational Grid System

Grid computing systems are distributed systems that involve coordinate and involvement of heterogeneous resources with various characteristics where user jobs can be executed on either local or remote computer. These heterogeneous computing resources are used to run highly complex programs that require very high processing power and huge volume of input data. Recently the biggest issue in distributed system is to design of an appropriate and efficient dynamic load balancing algorithm that upgrade the overall performance of the distributed systems. In this research paper, we proposed a scheduling algorithm that manages the resources to improve the utilization of resource and minimize the job response time in computational grid system. So that no any resources will be heavily, low loaded or in some case will be in idle. Keywords— Grid computation, Dynamic Load balancing, Schedule DLB, Job Scheduling

Morphometric analysis of glenoid cavity of dry scapulae and its role in shoulder prosthesis

Background: The lateral angle of scapula becomes truncated and broadened and form the glenoid cavity which shows variable morphology. There is a notch present on its anterosuperior part which gives its different shape. When this glenoid notch is indistinct its shape is piriform, when it is distinct it looks like inverted comma shape and when it is absent its oval shape. The shoulder joint is one among the most commonly dislocated joints in the body. The fracture of glenoid with dislocations is very common in the trauma. The detail knowledge about variation in anatomy of glenoid cavity like different shape, size and dimensions are important during designing and fitting of glenoid component for total shoulder arthroplasty. The objective of present study was to obtain anthropometric data of scapulae and the glenoid cavity specifically the diameters and various shape of glenoid belongs to population of Bihar and compare it to findings from other races of the world.Methods: The present study was a cross sectional study which has been carried out on 228 undamaged dry adult human scapulae in which 126 belongs to right side and 102 belongs to left side. The age and gender of the bones used in the study was not predetermined.Results: The most common shape of glenoid cavity recorded in the present study was pear shape (50.44%) followed by inverted comma shape (35.96%). The least common shape was oval (13.6%). The mean length of scapula was observed as 135.07±14.23mm, the mean breadth of scapula was 97.55±9.63 mm, the mean supero inferior glenoid diameter was 35.80±3.14mm, the mean antero posterior glenoid diameter 1 was 23.63±2.50mm, and the mean antero posterior glenoid diameter 2 was 16.17±2.24mm and mean glenoid cavity index was 66.40±8.14%. In all the above measurements bilateral differences was not statistically significant.Conclusions: The knowledge about the different shape and dimensions of glenoid are very important during designing and fitting of glenoid component for total shoulder arthroplasty. It is also helpful during evaluation of different pathological conditions like rotator cuff disease, osteochondral defects and Bankart lesion. Since the present study is conducted on a limited number of scapulae further cadaveric, radiological and clinical studies are indicated.

An accessory brachialis muscle associated with abnormal arrangement of structures in the cubital fossa

An unusual variation of brachialis muscle was reported in the left superior extremity of a 61 year old North Indian female cadaver during routine dissection classes. It was observed that an additional belly of the accessory brachialis muscle was originated from the anteromedial surface of the shaft along with the medial supracondylar ridge of the left humerus. This additional muscle belly merged with the fibres of pronator teres in the cubital fossa & finally inserted on the lateral surface of the shaft of the radius, which was supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve. In the upper arm, the median nerve  lies along the lateral side of brachial artery but at the middle of the arm  the nerve  did not cross from lateral to medial side rather it continue along the lateral side of the brachial artery. In the lower part, they passed superficial to the brachialis muscle but lie deep to this additional slip of muscle. After separating the fibres of muscles it was found that median nerve was present just lateral to the brachial artery in the cubital fossa, its contents from medial to lateral side were brachial artery, median nerve, accessory brachialis muscle, biceps tendon and radial nerve just under cover of brachioradialis. The knowledge about these variations is helpful to physicians while facing the patients of compression neuropathy of median nerve. Before planning the surgery around the elbow joint these variations should be considered to minimize the complications. These information are also useful to interventional cardiologist while performing brachial catheterization & radiologist also who performed various radio diagnostic  procedures & angiographic studies around the cubital fossa.

An Empirical Analysis of cluster-based routing protocols in wireless sensor network

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are utilized for condition monitoring, developing the board, following animals or goods, social protection, transportation, and house frameworks. WSNs are revolutionizing research. A WSN includes a large number of sensor nodes, or bits, in the application. Bits outfitted with the application\u27s sensors acquire nature data and send it to at least one sink center (in like manner called base stations). This article simulates energy-efficient network initialization strategies using simulation models. First, an overview of network initiation and exploration procedures in wireless ad-hoc networks is provided. The clustering-based routing strategy was selected since it\u27s best for ad-hoc sensor networks. The clustering-based routing techniques used for this study are described below. LEACH, SEP, and Z-SEP are used. MATLAB was used to implement and simulate all routing protocols. All protocols were simulated with various parameters like Number of CHs, Number of Alive Nodes, Number of Dead Nodes, Number of packets to BS, and circumstances to show their functioning and to determine their behavior in different sensor networks

E-Commerce and E-Governance: Technology for Tomorrow on India Reforms- 2020

E-commerce and E-governance is vital on India reforms-2020 on Macro growth and Economical sustainability on World. Germany, France, Greece, Europe, Russia, China, Japan, UK and USA are leader of E-commerce and E-governance. India GDP and macro economy is rising over total 50 million world population. It is because of technology sharing, usability, integration, Web application on J2EE, Java Environment, JDE package, easy accessibility, and remote wireless connectivity, 3G, Multimedia and E-governance. India is on Economic reforms 2020 with digitization and online marketing, e- commerce, ERP and web application. E-commerce is revolutionary in all industries, commercial and professional exchange of ideas and commercialisation. The E-commerce policy 2010-11 has be supportive to the right of consumer and seller for exchange of ideas, goods, and services in B2B, B2C, e-retailing, and e-banking application. The trends in e-commerce are increasing by 21% in all states for online payment, policy update, e-filling, estate business

Duplication of hypoglossal canal in North Indian human skulls

Background: The hypoglossal canal is one among the permanent components of occipital bone of both human being and animal skull, which transmits the twelfth cranial nerve, meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery and emissary veins. This is commonly known as anterior condylar canal. In some cases, this canal is divided by a bony spicule leading to a variant known as double hypoglossal canal. Such partition of hypoglossal canal predisposes the roots of twelfth cranial nerve to entrapment in the occipital bone during ossification which subsequently may leads to an alteration in the tongue movement as well as speech. The objectives of the present study were to obtain the incidence of the variant of double hypoglossal canal in north Indian population especially in Bihar and compare the incidence of such type of variation in skull of different parts of our country as well as various races of the world.Methods: The present study was carried out on 110 undamaged dry adult human crania of unknown age and sex for any variations in the hypoglossal canal or incidence of double hypoglossal canal.Results: We observed 15 cases (13.63%) of double hypoglossal canal in which 8 (7.27%) specimens had unilateral while 7 (6.36%) specimens had bilateral double hypoglossal canal. Double hypoglossal canal was more common in right side. In 5 cases (4.54%) unilateral bony spicules were seen.Conclusions: The study about the hypoglossal canal and its different variation is very important to clinicians, anatomist, forensic experts as well as anthropologists too. The knowledge about the different dimensions of hypoglossal canal is also very essential for neurosurgeons and radiologist for the planning of the surgeries around the posterior cranial fossa for tumors like schwannoma of hypoglossal nerve and treatment of sleep apnea syndrome. Hence the detailed morphometric study of hypoglossal canal will be helpful for the planning of surgical intervention around the base of skull becomes easier and safer

A morphometric study of foramen transversarium of dried cervical vertebrae

Background: Variation in number, size & shape of foramen transversarium affects the anatomical course of the vertebral vessels, which may cause pathological conditions like vertebrobasilar insufficiency.Since, inner ear derive it’s blood supply from vertebral and basilar arteries, any spasm of these arteries due to irritation of sympathetic plexus, may causes labyrinthine or hearing disturbances along with neurological symptoms. The objective of present study is to study the incidence of accessory foramen transversarium in dried cervical vertebrae in Indian population & compare it with incidence among various races of world.Methods: A total of 174 cervical vertebrae (Typical-126 & Atypical-48) of unknown sex & age are analyzed to see the accessory foramen transversarium.Results: Out of the 174 cervical vertebrae, accessory foramen transversarium is found in 25 (14.36%) vertebrae. Among these 25 vertebrae, 16 (9.19%) are typical and 9 (5.17%) are atypical cervical vertebrae. We observed in these 16 typical cervical vertebrae, 10 (5.75%) vertebrae have accessory FT on right side while 3 (1.72%) vertebrae have on left side and 3 (1.72%) vertebrae have bilateral accessory FT. Among 9 atypical cervical vertebrae, 4 (2.3%) vertebrae have accessory FT on right side while 3 (1.72%) vertebrae have on left side and 2 (1.15%) vertebrae have bilateral accessory FT. Accessory foramen transversarium are more common on right side in both typical & atypical cervical vertebrae. No any accessory FT is found on axis vertebra.Conclusion: Knowledge of accessory foramen transversarium is important for clinicians because it may affect the course of vertebral vessels & nerves, which causes various symptoms to patients. It is also helpful for spine surgeons in planning surgery around the cervical vertebrae and to avoid post-operative complications. These variations are also of importance and helpful for anatomist, anthropologist and radiologist.

Study of neck shaft angle of femur in population of Bihar

Background: Neck shaft angle is the angle formed between the long axis of shaft and long axis of neck. Neck shaft angle of femur is an important parameter considering the biomechanics of hip joint. Neck shaft angle gives important information regarding race to which they belong. Normal neck shaft angle is in the range of 1200 -1400. Objective of the study was to find out the neck shaft angle of femur and correlate with the previous study.Methods: present study was conducted on 60 dry femur collected from different medical colleges of Bihar. The neck shaft angle was measured by Goniometer.Results: In this study the neck shaft angle of femur was 130.820, in male neck shaft angle of femur was 130.280 and in females it was 131.420.Conclusions: There is no significance difference between the male and female neck shaft angle. Orthopaedists use the normal range and mean of the neck shaft angle in diagnosis and treatment of the disease of hip. The angle is increased in poliomyelitis, congenital subluxation and dislocation of hip and decreased in congenital coxa vara