Computerized and Electronic Controls in Food Packaging

The focus of food packaging is to contain food in a cost-effective way that satisfies industry requirements and consumer desires, maintains food safety and minimizes environmental impact. Currently, with the increasing demand of the consumers the major concern of food packaging industry is on efficiency of the plant process, productivity, quality as well as safety. It becomes necessary for companies to discover ways to improve their productivity in terms of maintaining safety, using sustainable materials in packaging, implementing flexible and standardized technology, and maintaining good quality of foods. Thus, to achieve the required demands, automation and upgradation of the packaging machinery is necessary and this has been accepted because these changes are robust, flexible, reconfigurable, preserve the quality of the food and are efficient. Due to limitation of feasibility study and research in food packaging, most of the studies focus on trends in food packaging materials (smart packaging). Thus, this review focused on advancement in food packaging machines, involvement of softwares in controlling the working of various machines for example open modular architecture control (OMAC), Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), Field bus Technology etc. The automated machines include drive system, sensors, actuators etc. So, the knowledge about these techniques will result in enhancing the efficiency of packaging and productivity of food products

Effect of osmotic stress on in vitro propagation of Musa sp. (Malbhog variety)

In vitro propagation of banana preferably use sword sucker as explant source where microbial contamination poses a great problem in establishment of aseptic cultures. This study demonstrates up to 36% reduced microbial contamination in aseptic culture establishment and subsequent micropropagation due to osmotic stress induction in the banana suckers. Osmotic stress was induced by keeping the freshly collected suckers in shade and measuring fresh weight at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days interval to ascertain loss of moisture. Stress induced for 21 days showed 58.85% moisture loss showing lowest contamination upto 40% against 76% for fresh suckers. Micropropagation of Musa sp. (Malbhog variety) through shoot tip culture of stressed suckers was carried out in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1 to 2 mg/l 6-benzyl-aminopurine (BAP), 2 to 4 mg/l 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.5 mg/l α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Multiplication of plantlets was observed till 6th passage. From 19 aseptically established explants of 21 days stressed sucker sub cultured in MS medium fortified with 1.0 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l NAA, for 6th passage produced 5122 plantlets. Regenerated micro shoots were rooted in MS medium fortified with 0.5 mg/l IAA. The plantlets were hardened in polybag containing soil and seasoned cow dung.Key words: Osmotic stress, shoot tip culture, in vitro, Musa, Malbhog

Influence Of Systematic Training On Morpho-Physiological And Motor Ability Profiles Of Indian Young Female Rowers, Kayakers And Canoers

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(6): 744-755, 2023. Our study was carried on junior female athletes (22 rowers, 11 kayakers and 7 canoers) adopting systemic training to explore the possible training manipulation that can be implicated in these three kinds of water sports, might be in a different way. Several morpho-physiological parameters and motor ability profiles were measured by standard methods. Accordingly, body weight (kg), performing time of 2.4 km run (sec), 6×10 meters shuttle run/agility (sec) of female rowers were reduced progressively and significantly from Preparatory Period (PP1) to General Practice Period (GPP) i.e., from (59.41±4.84) to (52.23±5.34), (773.04±92.64) to (566.19±80.84) and (17.91±0.96) to (14.79±0.6) respectively. In case of kayakers, the time to cover 6×10 meters shuttle run was decreased from (18.42±0.63) to (16.61±0.79) and standing vertical jump (cm) was increased from (24.64±4.65) to (38.18±5.65) significantly from initial PPI to final GPP with considerable changes in between the phases. Body weight (kg), performing time of 60 meters standing start (sec), 2.4 km run (sec) and 6×10 meters shuttle run of female canoers were found to be decreased maximally from PP1 to GPP, following eight successive training phases from (58.56±3.98) to (49.88±4.39), (10.96±0.42) to (9.35±0.29), (802.57±32.40) to (632.57±57.38) and (10.96±0.42) to (9.35±0.29) respectively and also decreased considerably between other training phases. Standing broad jump (cm), standing vertical jump (cm), sit up/min, and push up/min performance were also found to be increased maximally from PP1 to GPP i.e., from (180.71±9.01) to (252.12±7.76), (27±4.16) to (41.14±1.86), (43±7.72) to (96±15.13) and from (34.43±7.50) to (88.28±4.85) respectively and also considerably between other training phases. Training as designed and incorporated in the present study significantly improves motor ability in all three groups. More discrete training can be prescribed for better fitness

Comparison of physical and anthropometrical parameters of teen-age male rowers, kayakers, canoers and sedentary school children

Objetivo: Comparar los parámetros antropométricos y físicos de los jóvenes remeros, kayakistas, canoeros y la población de control. Métodos: Nuestro estudio se llevó a cabo en 173 niños (n=53 remeros, edad=16,24±1,51 años; n=38 kayakistas, edad= 17,0±3,99 años; n= 37 canoeros, edad= 15,1±0,53 años; y grupo control, n=45, edad=15,0±0,46). Varios bioparámetros, altura corporal (cm), peso corporal (kg) e (índice de masa corporal) (kg/m2), grosor del pliegue cutáneo (mm) bíceps, tríceps, subescapular, suprailíaco y pantorrilla, diámetros de humorístico y fémur (cm), longitud del brazo (cm), longitud del brazo (cm), longitud de la parte delantera de la pierna (cm), longitud del muslo (cm), longitud del pie (cm), longitud de la parte superior del brazo, longitud del antebrazo (cm), hombro Se midieron la anchura (cm), la longitud del tronco (cm), la circunferencia del muslo y la pantorrilla (cm), el porcentaje de grasa corporal, la fuerza de agarre (derecha e izquierda) de las manos, la flexibilidad del tronco, la fuerza relativa de la espalda, los abdominales y las flexiones.Resultados:La altura corporal (cm) de los remeros masculinos fue mayor que la de los canoeros masculinos y el grupo control (p<0,05). El salto largo de pie (cm) de los remeros masculinos fue significativamente mayor que los kayakistas y el grupo de control (p<0,05). La flexibilidad de los remeros masculinos fue significativamente mayor que la de los piragüistas masculinos y el grupo de control (p<0.0.5). La fuerza relativa de la espalda (kg) de los remeros, kayakistas y canoeros masculinos fue significativamente mayor que la del grupo de control. Sentarse/minuto de los canoeros masculinos fue significativamente mayor que los remeros masculinos (p<0,01) y los kayakistas (p<0,05). El empuje hacia arriba/minuto de los canoistas masculinos se observó significativamente más alto que el grupo de control (p <0,01) y los kayakistas y remeros (p <0,05). La envergadura de los brazos de los remeros fue significativamente mayor que la del grupo control (p<0,01) y la de los kayakistas y canoeros (p<0,05). La longitud del antebrazo (cm) de los remeros masculinos fue significativamente mayor que la del grupo de control (p<0,01). También se encontró más alto en kayakistas y canoeros masculinos que en el grupo de control (p<0.05).Conclusión:Nuestros atletas tienen una diferencia significativa en algunos parámetros ya que están bien entrenados y el grupo de control no tiene entrenamiento previo en absoluto.Aim: It is to compare anthropometrical and physical parameters of teen-aged young male rowers, kayakers, canoers and control population. Methods: Our study was carried on 173 children (n=53 rowers, age=16.24±1.51 years; n=38 kayakers, age= 17.0±3.99 years; n= 37 canoers, age= 15.1±0.53 years; and control group, n=45, age=15.0±0.46). Several bio-parameters, body height (cm), body weight (kg) and (body mass index) (kg/m2), skin fold thickness (mm)  biceps, triceps, sub-scapula, supra-illiac and calf, diameters of humorous and femur (cm), arm length (cm), arm span (cm), fore leg length (cm), thigh length (cm), foot length (cm), upper arm length, fore arm length (cm), shoulder breadth (cm), trunk length (cm), thigh and calf girth (cm), body fat percentage, the grip strength (right and left ) hands, trunk flexibility, relative back strength, sit up, push up  were measured. Results: Body height (cm) of male rowers was higher than male canoers and control group (p<0.05). Standing broad jump (cm) of male rowers was significantly higher than kayakers and control group (p<0.05). Flexibility of male rowers was significantly higher than male canoers and control group (p<0.0.5). Relative back strength (kg) of male rowers, kayakers and canoers was significantly higher than control group. Sit up /minute of male canoers was significantly higher than both male rowers (p<0.01) and kayakers (p<0.05). Push up/minute of male canoers was noted higher significantly than control group (p<0.01) and kayakers and rower (p<0.05). The arm span of rowers was significantly higher than control group (p<0.01) and kayakers and canoers (p<0.05). Fore arm length (cm) of male rowers was significantly higher than control group (p<0.01). It was also found higher in male kayakers and canoers than control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our athletes have significant difference in some parameters as they are well trained and the control group has no such previous training at all

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies on Novel Platinum(II) Complex Containing Bidentate N,N-Donor Ligands in Ethanol-Water Medium

Kinetic and mechanistic investigations have been made on the displacement of the two aqua molecules from the complex 1 i.e., [Pt(2,2′-bipyridine)(H2O)2]2+ represented as {Pt(bpy)} (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) at pH 4.0. All the substitution reactions have been monitored at 264, 284 & 317 nm respectively where the spectral difference between the reactant and product is maximum. Two consecutive reaction steps were observed for the substitution of aqua molecules with some didentate N- and N-donor ligands namely, dimethylglyoxime (L1H), 1, 2-cyclohexanedionedioxime (L2H) and α-furildioxime (L3H) in ethanol-water medium using variable-temperature and stopped-flow spectrophotometry. Among the two steps, the former is ligand dependent and the later is ligand independent, where chelation observed. All rate and activation parameters are consistent with associative substitution mechanisms. The thermodynamic parameters were also calculated, which gives a negative DG0 value at all temperatures studied, supporting the spontaneous formation of an outer sphere association complex.  The products of the reaction have been characterized with the help of IR and ESI-MS spectroscopic analysis

MEDICINES FROM INDIAN CHILLIES: A MINI REVIEW

ABSTRACTIndia is a country with vast biodiversity. The country is rich in its natural resources. Varieties of spices, herbs, plants, and trees are grown in variousparts of the country, which have more than one use. Most of them are rich source of nutrition, some are popular spices, and some have exclusivemedicinal uses also. The objective of this article is to give a brief and compact review of the various types of chillies available in India, to discuss theirversatile potential medicinal values, and to consider those for developing some potent and effective drugs with minimum or no side effects for widerange of pathological conditions. Indian traditional medicine is famous all around the world and for ages and now a days, Indian biodiversity hasimmense contribution in the development and advancement of alternative and complementary medicine. Chillies are one of the popular spices inIndia. They add the burning hot taste and wonderful color to Indian dishes. Not only in India, chillies are used all over the world in various dishes. Wehave primarily studies various investigatory reports available from all around the world to develop our insight into the medicinal potency of varietiesof chillies grown in various parts of India. Several investigations have revealed the presence of various compounds in the chillies. Those compoundshave been found to be of medicinal importance. Some of them have multiple medicinal applications. More of those are yet to be characterized. Moreand more structured and collaborative detailed investigations are required to recognize, characterize, and modify the various potent medicinalcompounds from different types of chillies. In silico, experimental, and clinical studies are also essential. We may get some revolutionary compoundswith potent medicinal properties for enriching our pharmaceutical ammunitions against fatal and deadly diseases from those hot green and redchillies. It can really be a beneficial milestone on the pharmaceutical world and a boon for mankind.Keywords: Biodiversity, Chillies, Nutrition, Alternative medicine, Complementary medicine

Antimycobacterial activity of linoleic acid and oleic acid obtained from the hexane extract of the seeds of Mesua ferrea L. and their in silico investigation

Tuberculosis is responsible for about 8 million deaths worldwide annually. The emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant strains urgently requires the development of new drugs against tuberculosis. Drug discovery from plants against tuberculosis is an exciting area for exploration. In the present study, the fatty acids- linoleic and oleic acids isolated and identified from the seeds of the plant Mesua ferrea L. exhibited antimycobacterial activity. The analysis was done using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and supplementary information was obtained using fourier transform-infra red and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the purified fraction containing both the compounds was found to be 78 µg/mL. In silico molecular docking studies against the target proteins GlfT2, Inh A and mtKasB of Mycobacterium tuberculosis revealed high scores for both the compounds. Cytotoxicity studies of the compounds revealed no toxicity and high antioxidant activity was observed

Mjerenje naboja dijelova čestica snopa – traženje čestica s necijelim nabojem

Measurement of charges ( 1 ≤ Z ≤ 3) of the projectile fragments produced in silicon-emulsion interaction at 14.5 AGeV was carried out with the help of lacunarity (L) method, using nuclear emulsion track detector. No fractionally-charged projectile fragment was found in this investigation. Only integrally-charged projectile fragments with Z=1,2 and 3 were detected.Mjerenje naboja (1 ≤ Z ≤ 3) dijelova čestica upadnog snopa proizvedenih u međudjelovanju jezgri silicija u emulziji na 14.5 AGeV načinjeno je primjenom metode isprekidanosti traga čestice, rabeći nukleografsku emulziju kao detektor. U ovom istraživanju nije nađena čestica s necijelim nabojem, već samo čestice s cjelobrojnim nabojima Z = 1, 2 i 3

Genotype independent regeneration and agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.)

Development of an efficient genotype independent regeneration and genetic transformation system in sweet potato continues to be of great interest. Agrobacterium‐mediated genetic transformation protocol was established in two different cultivars of sweet potato using Agrobacterium strain EHA105 harbouring binary plasmid pBI121 containing GUS and nptII genes. The internodal stem segments from 30‐day‐old micropropogated plants were used as explant with different combinations of media and hormones. MS and LS media with various concentrations of growth regulators proved to be non‐responsive and the infecundity was severe with the addition of cytokinins. Nonetheless, MS with 2,4‐D and TDZ gave a good percentage of callusing but with low differentiation. In different concentrations of NAA, significant amount of callusing was observed but percentage of rooting remained low in both the genotypes. Gamborg’s B5 supplemented with NAA proved to be the most suitable media and hormone combination, which yielded shoot formation after 8 ‐ 10 weeks with a regenera‐ tion efficiency of 40 ‐ 70%. Stable integration of transgene was confirmed by PCR analysis. Furthermore, qRT‐PCR analysis was performed to assess the transcript accumulation in addition to the GUS enzymatic assay in the transgenic lines