Stress conditions affect the immunomodulatory potential of Candida albicans extracellular vesicles and their impact on cytokine release by THP-1 human macrophages

Human immune cells possess the ability to react complexly and effectively after contact with microbial virulence factors, including those transported in cell-derived structures of nanometer sizes termed extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are produced by organisms of all kingdoms, including fungi pathogenic to humans. In this work, the immunomodulatory properties of EVs produced under oxidative stress conditions or at host concentrations of $CO_{2}$ by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans were investigated. The interaction of EVs with human pro-monocytes of the U-937 cell line was established, and the most notable effect was attributed to oxidative stress-related EVs. The immunomodulatory potential of tested EVs against human THP-1 macrophages was verified using cytotoxicity assay, ROS-production assay, and the measurement of cytokine production. All fungal EVs tested did not show a significant cytotoxic effect on THP-1 cells, although a slight pro-oxidative impact was indicated for EVs released by C. albicans cells grown under oxidative stress. Furthermore, for all tested types of EVs, the pro-inflammatory properties related to increased IL-8 and TNF-$\alpha$ production and decreased IL-10 secretion were demonstrated, with the most significant effect observed for EVs released under oxidative stress conditions

Stereoselective synthesis of vicinal diols with enzymatic cascade reactions

Alcohol dehydrogenases are of high interest for the stereoselective synthesis of building blocks with multi-chiral centres. They are implemented for single enzymatic reduction or oxidation steps or be part of synthetic enzymatic multi-step cascades for the production of industrially relevant chiral synthons. Although biotransformations with alcohol dehydrogenases are widespread, enzymes, which accept sterically demanding substrates, especially α-hydroxy ketones, are not common in nature. Therefore chemical methods for the synthesis of chiral 1,2-diols are still first choice. As a drawback, alcohol dehydrogenases require expensive nicotinamide cofactors such as NAD(H) or NADP(H) for their activity. Prices of these cofactors prevent their application in stoichiometric amounts and therefore regeneration of nicotinamide cofactors is an essential issue for biotechnological purposes. Therefore a co-substrate is required that is transformed to the respective co-product in equimolar amounts relative to the product. This co-product has to be separated from the product or must be removed $\textit{in situ}$, which decreases atom- and process economy. In this work the carboligation of two inexpensive aldehydes catalysed by ThDPdependent enzymes is combined with a subsequent reduction of the intermediately formed α-hydroxy ketone by alcohol dehydrogenases. Therefore, a suitable cofactor regeneration system with smart $\textit{in situ}$ co-product removal had to be developed in order to gain high eco-efficiency of the synthetic enzyme cascade. To achieve the aim, the following work packages were addressed: 1. Investigation of the substrate range of eight available alcohol dehydrogenases with focus on reduction of bulky-bulky α-hydroxy ketones; 2. Determination of the stereoselectivity of the first and the second step of the synthetic cascade; 3. Selection of the most promising enzyme(s) for the reduction of α-hydroxy ketones (which turned out to be the alcohol dehydrogenase from $\textit{Ralstonia}$ sp.) and its detailed biochemical characterisation with focus on the reduction of α-hydroxy ketones; 4. Evaluation of a suitable cofactor regeneration system (substrate-coupled and enzyme-coupled approach) for the enzymatic 2-step synthesis, where smart [...

The influence of the information technology on recruitment process.

Celem pracy „Zmiany w procesie rekrutacji pod wpływem rozwoju technologiiinformatycznych” jest przedstawienie kwestii tego, w jaki sposób postęp technologiczny wpływa na proces rekrutacji oraz jakie możliwości generuje w kontekście możliwości usprawnienia owego procesu. Praca zawiera charakterystykę systemów informatycznych wykorzystywanych w zarządzaniu zasobami ludzkimi oraz opisuje ich wpływ na codziennyprzebieg proces rekrutacji nie tylko w kontekście osób rekrutujących, lecz także osób rekrutowanych.The aim of the work is to present the influence of the information technology on recruitment processes and it depicts how technological progress affects the recruitment process and what opportunities it generates in the context of the possibility of enhancing this process. The work contains the characteristics of IT systems using in human resource management and their impact on the daily recruitment process not only in the context of recruiters, but also recruits