Vehicle detection using panchromatic high-resolution satellite images as a support for urban planning. Case study of Prague's centre

The optical sensors on satellites nowadays provide images covering large areas with a resolution better than 1 meter and with a frequency of more than once a week. This opens up new opportunities to utilize satellite-based information such as periodic monitoring of transport flows and parked vehicles for better transport, urban planning and decision making. Current vehicle detection methods face issues in selection of training data, utilization of augmented data, multivariate classification or complexity of the hardware. The pilot area is located in Prague in the surroundings of the Old Town Square. The WorldView3 panchromatic image with the best available spatial resolution was processed in ENVI, CATALYST Pro and ArcGIS Pro using SVM, KNN, PCA, RT and Faster R-CNN methods. Vehicle detection was relatively successful, above all in open public places with neither shade nor vegetation. The best overall performance was provided by SVM in ENVI, for which the achieved F1 score was 74%. The PCA method provided the worst results with an F1 score of 33%. The other methods achieved F1 scores ranging from 61 to 68%. Although vehicle detection using artificial intelligence on panchromatic images is more challenging than on multispectral images, it shows promising results. The following findings contribute to better design of object-based detection of vehicles in an urban environment and applications of data augmentation.Web of Science16211910

Spatial pattern of the Walkability Index, Walk Score and Walk Score modification for elderly

Contemporary cities require excellent walking conditions to support human physical activity, increase humans' well-being, reduce traffic, and create a healthy urban environment. Various indicators and metrics exist to evaluate walking conditions. To evaluate the spatial pattern of objective-based indicators, two popular indices were selected-the Walkability Index (WAI), representing environmental-based indicators, and Walk Score (WS), which applies an accessibility-based approach. Both indicators were evaluated using adequate spatial units (circle buffers with radii from 400 m to 2414 m) in two Czech cities. A new software tool was developed for the calculation of WS using OSM data and freely available network services. The new variant of WS was specifically designed for the elderly. Differing gait speeds, and variable settings of targets and their weights enabled the adaptation of WS to local conditions and personal needs. WAI and WS demonstrated different spatial pattern where WAI is better used for smaller radii (up to approx. 800 m) and WS for larger radii (starting from 800 m). The assessment of WS for both cities indicates that approx. 40% of inhabitants live in unsatisfactory walking conditions. A sensitivity analysis discovered the major influences of gait speed and the beta coefficient on the walkability assessment.Web of Science115art. no. 27

Public transport tweets in London, Madrid and Prague in the COVID-19 period-temporal and spatial differences in activity topics

Public transport requires constant feedback to improve and satisfy daily users. Twitter offers monitoring of user messages, discussion and emoticons addressed to official transport provider accounts. This information can be particularly useful in delicate situations such as management of transit operations during the COVID-19 pandemic. The behaviour of Twitter users in Madrid, London and Prague is analysed with the goal of recognising similar patterns and detecting differences in traffic related topics and temporal cycles. Topics in transit tweets were identified using the bag of words approach and pre-processing in R. COVID-19 is a dominant topic for both London and Madrid but a minor one for Prague, where Twitter serves mainly to deliver messages from politicians and stakeholders. COVID-19 interferes with the meaning of other topics, such as overcrowding or staff. Additionally, specific topics were discovered, such as air quality in Victoria Station, London, or racism in Madrid. For all cities, transit-related tweeting activity declines over weekends. However, London shows much less decline than Prague or Madrid. Weekday daily rhythms show major tweeting activity during the morning in all cities but with different start times. The spatial distribution of tweets for the busiest stations shows that the best-balanced tweeting activity is found in Madrid metro stations.Web of Science1424art. no. 1705

Modelling the Spatial Distribution of Economic Activities

Import 11/02/2016Prostorové statistické metody se uplatňují v různých směrech výzkumu. Ekonomické analýzy se tradičně zabývají ekonomickou činností, rozvojem a zaměřením podnikatelských aktivit, ale zpravidla se nezabývají prostorovým uspořádáním jednotlivých podnikatelských objektů. V návaznosti na tuto skutečnost je tato práce zaměřena na oblast sledování a hodnocení stavu a vývoje prostorové distribuce ekonomických aktivit na území Moravskoslezského a Jihomoravského kraje z hlediska lokalizace podnikatelských subjektů. Jejím hlavním cílem je vývoj nové metody pro hodnocení prostorových vzorů ekonomických aktivit s využitím stochastické simulace, a její aplikace na studované území. Výsledky této metody jsou porovnávány s ostatními metodami umožňujícími sledování prostorové distribuce bodového vzoru lokalizovaných podnikatelských subjektů. Nově navrhovaná metoda umožňuje přesnější a detailnější měření velikosti a rozsahu průmyslové koncentrace oproti ostatním metodám.Spatial statistical methods are applied in various research directions. Economic analyses are traditionally aimed at economic activity, development and business focus of business entities, but usually do not address the spatial distribution of individual businesses. In connection with this fact, this thesis focuses on monitoring and evaluation of the current state and development of spatial distribution of economic activities in the Moravian-Silesian and South Moravian Regions in terms of localization of business entities. The main goal is the development of a new method for the assessment of spatial patterns of economic activities using stochastic simulation, and its application in the studied area. The results of this method are compared with other methods, which are used for monitoring the spatial distribution of economic activities. The newly proposed method enables more accurate and detailed measurement of the size and scale of industrial concentration compared to other methods.Prezenční548 - Institut geoinformatikyvyhově

Spatial Distribution of Economic Activities in Ostrava Region

Import 04/07/2011Tato práce se zabývá hodnocením stavu a vývoje ekonomických aktivit na území Moravskoslezského kraje a v detailnějším pohledu na území ORP Ostrava. V práci je používána vizualizace dat s využitím kartogramů, kartodiagramů a jádrových odhadů. Součástí této práce je také analýza a hodnocení distribuce vybraných průmyslových odvětví zejména s využitím metody K funkce. V tomto ohledu je zde uveden nový způsob výpočtů obálek spolehlivosti s využitím náhodného výběru z bodové adresní vrstvy. Dále bylo provedeno i hodnocení migrace podniků v rámci zájmového území ORP Ostrava, ale i mimo jeho hranice v rámci Moravskoslezského kraje.This thesis deals with the evaluation of the current state and development of economic activities in the Moravian–Silesian Region and particularly in the municipality with extended competence of Ostrava. The data visualization utilizes choropleth maps, diagram maps and kernel density estimation. The distribution of selected industries is studied with the Ripley’s K-function. A new method of computing of the confidence envelopes (intervals) is introduced. The method uses a random selection of points from the address point layer. Also an evaluation of the migration of companies in the area of the municipality with extended competence of Ostrava was made. The evaluation also deals with the migration of companies in the rest of the Moravian–Silesian Region outside of the borders of the municipality with extended competence.Prezenční548 - Institut geoinformatikyvýborn

Compare of GvSIG software to ArcGIS

Import 01/09/2009Bakalářská práce se zabývá srovnáním funkcí programu gvSIG s programem ArcGIS. V první části je uveden popis obou aplikací. V popisu je uvedena architektura obou programových prostředí a nadstavby, které je možno v programech využít. V další části je uvedeno srovnání podporovaných rastrových a vektorových formátů v obou aplikacích. U vektorových formátů je uvedena jejich stručná charakteristika. Dále jsou zpracovány a srovnány síťové analýzy v obou programech. Následně jsou zpracovány hydrologické analýzy u obou programů a je provedeno jejich srovnání. Na závěr práce je uvedeno hodnocení aplikace gvSIG, o tom jak a zda se dokáže funkčností vyrovnat aplikaci ArcGIS.Bachelor thesis deals with comparison of features of an application gvSIG to features of application ArcGIS. First part describes the utilities of both of the applications containing their structures, internal settings and sorrounding which are possibly used. Following part compares supported raster and vectorial patterns in both of the applications. The vectorial patterns further describe their specific charactistics. There are discribed and compared network analysis in the applications as well as the formation of their hydrological analysis. Valuation of gvSIG application, their work process and possibility to compensate ArcGIS application are described at the conclusion of thesis.Prezenční548 - Institut geoinformatikyvýborn

W Function: A new distance-based measure of spatial distribution of economic activities

Distance-based methods are applied in various fields of research. In this paper, a new relative distance-based method, the W function, is introduced. This method contributes to the assessment of spatial patterns of economic activities using the stochastic Monte Carlo simulation, and supplements the typology of distance-based methods recently drawn up by Marcon and Puech. The capability of the W function is compared with results from the Kd and the recently defined m function methods, which are widely used for monitoring the spatial distribution of economic activities by considering several theoretical and empirical examples. The W function appears to provide more precise estimations of the density of economic activities compared to the m and Kd functions, particularly in cases of complex patterns such as double clustered distribution. It also appears to provide a more accurate evaluation of dispersion.Web of Science49221419

Determination of gaps in the spatial accessibility of nursing services for persons over the age of 65 with lowered self-sufficiency: Evidence from the Czech Republic.

The subject of this research is one of the main preconditions for the provision of high-quality social care services for people over the age of 65 with lowered self-sufficiency. It involves the spatial accessibility of formally established nursing services examined in 76 districts of the Czech Republic. The aim of this article is to identify and evaluate the gaps in spatial accessibility of the selected residential and outpatient-clinic services at the level of districts in individual regions of the Czech Republic in 2018. A three-phase analysis was performed, including an ArcGIS network analysis, multi-criteria evaluation according to the TOPSIS method, and a correlation analysis encompassing the confidence interval gained via the Bootstrap method. Seven indicators were selected-recipients of the allowance for the care, capacity of residential and outpatient-clinic services, and four indicators of accessibility via individual and public transport within the set time intervals. The results show good availability of residential care (no gap) within 30 min. by individual and public transport in most districts (94%). However, day services centers do not have a space gap in only 28% of districts by individual transport, and 8% of districts by public transport. In the case of day care centers, 54% of districts by individual transport, and 29% of districts by public transport do not have a space gap. The results also show that the level of spatial availability of care (gaps) in the district is not related to the number of people aged 65+ with reduced self-sufficiency in the district. On the contrary, the correlation analysis shows that with the growing number of people aged 65+ with reduced self-sufficiency in the district, the capacity of residential and outpatient services increases and the gaps in spatial accessibility do not decrease

Urban Public Transport Services in Selected Czech Towns

Urban public transportation systems in 26 selected Czech municipalities are studied using their timetables, location of stops, and price survey. The methodology of their processing is proposed. A set of indicators describing spatial accessibility, performance, and prices are analysed mainly for their relationships to the population with an indication of the municipalities which most deviate from common trends. A proposed four-dimensional evaluation system covers the spatial accessibility operationalised by the number of stops, the service frequency using the number of trips per route, the velocity for selected transport mode and the cost assessedby the price of a one-year ticket or equivalent. The results show the fare fees do not correspond to the performance of urban public transport