Formalized description of dynamics of an emotional reaction

The reported study was funded by RFBR according to the research project № 17-01-00742

Variations of Water Runoff and Suspended Sediment Yield in the Kamchatsky Krai, Russia

This study investigates the spatial and temporal variability of water runoff and suspended sediment yield in rivers in the Kamchatsky Krai territory (in the Far East of the Russian Federation). It is based on data from 269 monitoring stations for the period of hydrometeorological observations (1930–2015). The representativeness and the homogeneity of data on water runoff and suspended sediment yield was examined. Regions with prescribed limits of specific water discharge (L·s−1·km−2) and suspended sediment concentration (mg·L−1) variability were selected in the Kamchatsky Krai territory. Most rivers in this region are characterized by two relatively long trends in these characteristics that increased from the late 1970s to the early 1980s, followed by a subsequent decline (until 2015). Kamchatsky Krai includes 9 specific water discharge and 18 suspended sediment concentration regions. Hydrometeorological data of three zonal types of water runoff and corresponding suspended sediment concentration distribution were described, and five azonal types of water regime were characterized. One of these types was characterized by a nearly uniform distribution of water runoff within the year, due to the predominance of groundwater feeding source, while the rest of them had mixed feeding. The present study is the first study to describe the water regime of rivers on volcanic flanks in the Kamchatsky Krai

Spatial and temporal variability of suspended sediment yield in the Kamchatka Krai, Russian Federation

Research into the spatial and temporal variability of suspended sediment flux (SSF, t year-1) has been conducted for rivers in the Kamchatka Krai (in the far east of the Russian Federation). The study of long-term fluctuations in SSF was based on difference-integral curve analysis. Most of the rivers in the region are characterized by two relatively long-term trends in SSF; increases from the late 1970s to the early 1980s, followed by a subsequent decline. Kamchatka was divided into regions based on similar conditions of specific suspended sediment yield (SSSY, t km-2 year-1) followed by a determination of the various factors controlling it. New maps of suspended sediment concentration (SSC, mg L-1) and SSSY for Kamchatka also were constructed and, based on this study, there currently appear to be 18 SSC and 13 SSSY regions, as opposed to 4 and 2 regions, respectively, as had been determined in the 1970s. The influence of volcanoes on SSF can be substantial, and can increase up to 5-fold after eruptions; SSC can reach 6∙105 mg L-1 in rivers draining the flanks of volcanoes

Flash floods: formation, study and distribution

Flash floods are one of the most widespread and dangerous phenomenon on our planet. They are characterized by fast speed of development and short duration. However their study just begins because there is no one opinion what flash flood is, and there is no special term in many countries. The key reasons of their formation are intensive rainfall of short duration, location of river basin in mountain areas, and small catchment area, providing fast concentration of the runoff in river channel. Another significant factor is antecedent soil moisture. Flash floods are mostly spread in zones of subtropic, tropic and equatorial climate in the northern hemisphere. The study of flash floods is implemented in various fields of science due to hydrometeorological and lythogeomorphological causes of their formation. The important task is the differentiation of flash floods and debris flows. It can be based on the relations between sediment yield and sediments grain size and runoff characteristics with a glance of sediments concentration. The scheme of natural factors of flash floods formation is suggested with their differentiation from debris flows and floods of other types. The main issues of flash floods research and forecast are connected with small spatio-temporal scale of phenomenon and remoteness of river basins