Comparison of the Efficiency of Budget Financing and the Social Security of a Region

The article deals with theoretical and economic aspects of the “security” category and draws a distinction between philosophical, sociological, and economic approaches to the concept of social security. From the perspective of a system approach, the authors define the place of the region’s social security in ensuring national security. The article describes the theoretical content of the «social security» category and provides the authors’ specification for such terms as «social risks,» «danger,» and «threat.» The authors offer methodological tools to evaluate the region’s social security based on a complex assessment of the region’s socioeconomic and budget-financing indicators to identify the risks (deviations) and factors of inefficient financing. The proposed methodological approach is based on identifying the dependencies between the social and financial security of the region. The following indicators reflecting the social security level in the territory of residence were selected as estimated indicators: the region’s consolidated budget income and expenses, gross domestic product growth rates, natural population growth ratio, unemployment level, the share of the population with income below the subsistence minimum. This approach was tested by the example of the Perm Territory and Sverdlovsk Region revealing the regularities as well as favorable and unfavorable periods for the region’s social security. The obtained estimated indicators are ranked depending on the growth (fall) time lag, resilience, and sensitivity to budget financing. The assessment results show that the Perm Territory has been entering a deep recession in terms of national security since 2012. Similar tendencies are demonstrated by the Sverdlovsk Region; however, in view of the apparent diversity and dominant influence of the Perm Territory and the Sverdlovsk Region on the socioeconomic development of the Privolzhsky and Ural Federal Districts, respectively, the provided comparison is of scientific and practical interest.The research has been supported by the Grant of the Russian Science Foundation (the Project № 14–18–00574 "Anticrisis Information Analysis System: Diagnostics of Regions, Threat Assessment, and Scenario Forecasting to Maintain and Strengthen the Economic Security and Welfare of Russia")

Economic tomography: the possibility to anticipate and respond to socio-economic crises

The article discusses an approach based on an original hypothesis related to the peculiarities of Russia’s development (on the one hand, its scale, the Russian mentality and a certain closeness of the economy; on the other hand, a significant dominant resource and human potential, and, as a consequence, a genuine role in the global economic community), the diagnosis of which (at the level of the well-being of individuals and inhabited areas) can be used to identify crises, provide an early assessment of threats to socio-economic development of regions as well as help to evaluate the state of the region over a 3 to 5 year period. In other words, in order to ensure that executives have enough time to mount a sufficiently rapid response to the crises and administrative errors and to reduce the impact of emerging threats. The aim of this paper is to present theoretical and methodological tools for the recognition of the early stages of emerging threats, allowing fewer losses to be experienced during the crisis period. Simulation experiments were carried out for the purpose of classifying previously occurring social and economic crises (9 possible variants were reviewed) and mathematically processed trajectories of change in the main indicators for the well-being of individuals and inhabited areas, taking the influence of various factors into account. On the basis of the authors’ proposed approach (referred to as economic tomography) an attempt is made to comprehensively assess the state of sample representative regions of Russia.The research has been supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project № 14–18–00574 'Information-analytical system "Anticrisis:" diagnostics of the regions, threat assessment and scenario forecasting for the preservation and strengthening of economic security and well-being of Russia')

A 12 GHz satellite video receiver: Low noise, low cost prototype model for TV reception from broadcast satellites

A 12-channel synchronous phase lock video receiver consisting of an outdoor downconverter unit and an indoor demodulator unit was developed to provide both low noise performance and low cost in production quantities of 1000 units. The prototype receiver can be mass produced at a cost under $1540 without sacrificing system performance. The receiver also has the capability of selecting any of the twelve assigned satellite broadcast channels in the frequency range 11.7 to 12.2 GHz

Rotator cuff tendon ruptures (literature review)

Rotator cuff injury is a common pathology: up to 20 % of the population over 45 years of age has ruptures of varying severity, and up to 40 % of these ruptures are large and massive. The gradual development of tendon degeneration and fatty degeneration of muscle tissue and the asymptomatic course of the disease often lead to late medical attention when secondary arthropathy of the shoulder joint develops. With age, the probability of having a rupture increases, reaching 51 % in people over  80  years of age. The main diagnostic tools are radiography and  magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder joint combined with clinical examination. Conservative treatment for massive injuries is ineffective, and the risk of worsening rotator cuff tendinopathy to rupture reaches 54 %. There are three main directions in the surgery of rotator cuff injuries: tendon reconstruction or replacement of their defect with grafts; muscle transfer; shoulder arthroplasty. Subacromial balloon spacer and tenogenic patches are also used. Each of these methods has a number of disadvantages and limitations. The frequency of repeated ruptures of reconstructed tendons reaches 45 %. Muscle transfer is extremely demanding on the skill of the surgeon and is associated with high risks of neurological complications. Arthroplasty imposes a number of significant restrictions on the patient, reducing the  quality of life, and prosthesis components wear increases the risk of complications, especially during revision interventions. The use of the subacromial spacer is limited by its high cost and lack of  long-term follow-up of treatment outcomes. Tenogenic patches have not undergone clinical trials, being an experimental technique. There is no single approach to the treatment of massive rotator cuff ruptures. The results are contradictory, the advantages of each of the methods are balanced by their disadvantages, which provides a wide window of opportunity in the studying, optimizing classical and introducing new methods of treatment of this patholog

Latissimus Dorsi Transposition in Supraspinatus Tendon Retraction (Patte III) and Thomazeau Grade 3 Fatty Degeneration (Clinical Case)

Introduction. The proportion of injuries of the rotational cuff is from 65 to 84 % of all injuries of the shoulder joint. This pathology is more often registered in people over 60 years old. It is far from always that during initial visits, patients are given the correct diagnosis. Most patients are treated conservatively with short-term improvement or without dynamics. The main diagnostic method is an MRI of the shoulder joint, where we can see soft tissue structures. The proportion of massive rupture of the tendons of the supraspinatus muscle is 10-40 % of all ruptures of the rotator cuff.The more time passes from the moment of injury to surgical treatment, the more pronounced are the retraction and degenerative changes in tendons. A special category is occupied by patients with chronic rupture of the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle with a retraction of more than 5 cm (Patte grade III) and Thomazeau grade 3 fatty degeneration.In this category of patients, it is not possible to re-insert the tendons of the rotational cuff of the shoulder.Objective: to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of surgical treatment of a patient with retinal tendon retraction (Patte grade III) and Thomazeau grade 3 fatty degeneration.Materials and methods. The clinical case is presented: a man with a chronic total rupture of the tendon of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus muscle (Patte grade III) and Thomazeau grade 3 fatty degeneration. Secondary upper subluxation of the head of the humerus is revealed. The patient underwent surgical treatment: transposition of the latissimus dorsi muscle on the large tubercle of the humerus.Results. Six months after the operation, the patient restored the function of the upper limb, pain was stopped. Conclusion. Given the functional result, transposition of the latissimus dorsi tendon can be considered the technique of choice for inoperable tendon rupture of the supraspinatus muscle

Latissimus dorsi tendon transposition combined with shoulder joint proximal capsule plasty with peroneal longus tendon autograft in the treatment of patients with massive rotator cuff ruptures and proximal dislocation of the humerus head (clinical case)

The frequency of rotator cuff injuries in people over 45 years of age is 25.6–50 %, and  40  % of these injuries are massive. Shoulder rotator cuff injury causes disorders in biomechanics of the shoulder joint such as anterior-superior dislocation of the humeral head. Injury of the deltoid muscle combined with a massive rupture of the rotator cuff causes proximal dislocation of the humeral head during any active movement. In  the  treatment of these cases, surgical methods of treatment are used, such as transposition of the latissimus dorsi muscle, proximal capsule plasty, and reverse shoulder arthroplasty. We present a successful clinical case of treatment of a patient with chronic massive injury of the right shoulder joint rotator cuff tendons in combination with the injury of shoulder joint proximal capsule, dislocation of the right humerus head, and hypotrophy of the anterior portion of the deltoid muscle. We performed transposition of the latissimus dorsi tendon in combination with shoulder joint proximal capsule plasty with an autograft of the peroneal longus tendon. The check-up X-rays show that the dislocation of the right shoulder joint was eliminated. In the early postoperative period, the patient started physiotherapy exercises of the operated limb using abduction pillow. By the 7th day after surgery, the abduction of the operated limb reached 70°. The described surgical technique allows to restore congruence in the shoulder joint and the function of the injured limb in severe multiple injuries of the shoulder joint structures

Comparison of the efficiency of budget financing and the social security of a region

The article deals with theoretical and economic aspects of the “security” category and draws a distinction between philosophical, sociological, and economic approaches to the concept of social security. From the perspective of a system approach, the authors define the place of the region’s social security in ensuring national security. The article describes the theoretical content of the «social security» category and provides the authors’ specification for such terms as «social risks,» «danger,» and «threat.» The authors offer methodological tools to evaluate the region’s social security based on a complex assessment of the region’s socioeconomic and budget-financing indicators to identify the risks (deviations) and factors of inefficient financing. The proposed methodological approach is based on identifying the dependencies between the social and financial security of the region. The following indicators reflecting the social security level in the territory of residence were selected as estimated indicators: the region’s consolidated budget income and expenses, gross domestic product growth rates, natural population growth ratio, unemployment level, the share of the population with income below the subsistence minimum. This approach was tested by the example of the Perm Territory and Sverdlovsk Region revealing the regularities as well as favorable and unfavorable periods for the region’s social security. The obtained estimated indicators are ranked depending on the growth (fall) time lag, resilience, and sensitivity to budget financing. The assessment results show that the Perm Territory has been entering a deep recession in terms of national security since 2012. Similar tendencies are demonstrated by the Sverdlovsk Region; however, in view of the apparent diversity and dominant influence of the Perm Territory and the Sverdlovsk Region on the socioeconomic development of the Privolzhsky and Ural Federal Districts, respectively, the provided comparison is of scientific and practical interest

Treatment of Patients with Rotator Cuff Injuries (Review of Literature)

The proportion of injuries to the rotator cuff of the shoulder occupies one of the leading places in the structure of injuries to the musculoskeletal system. The history of the study of this pathology began about five centuries ago and continues to the present day. However, attempts to introduce a generally accepted classification of injuries have not been crowned with success. With the development of scientific and technological progress, many methods of conservative and surgical treatment have appeared. Among the conservative methods of treatment aimed at reducing pain and improving the quality of life, injections of corticosteroids, hyaluronic acid, and autoplasma therapy are used. But, unfortunately, these treatment methods are not aimed at restoring the function of the shoulder joint. Surgical treatments for rotator cuff injuries are varied. This includes both the classic reinsertion of the damaged tendon and arthroscopic treatments. In case of massive ruptures, reconstructive plastic surgery is performed with the transfer of the tendons of the infraspinatus, small round or latissimus dorsi muscle, and autografts or allografts are also used. However, despite the large number of treatment methods, there are no clear algorithms for managing patients with this pathology, and the percentage of unsatisfactory treatment outcomes remains high

SURGICAL CORRECTION OF INSUFFICIENCY OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AT THE ATHEROSCLEROSIS OF EXTRACEREBRAL ARTERIES

There is more than 1 million people who have had a stroke in Russia; the third part of these people are of working age, and only every fourth patient returned to job. This article discusses one of the most effective methods of stroke prevention - the procedure of carotid endarterectomy. We performed 468 reconstructive operations in 448 patients. 65 % (305) of surgeries were open carotid endarterectomies. In other cases, operations of prosthetics or blood flow switching between extracerebral arteries (ECA) (163) were carried out. Short-term results of reconstructive operations showed that 96 % of outcomes were positive. Perioperative mortality at operations made 1.06 %. The general complications made 4.5 %, minor complications were observed in 21 patients (4.4 %). The five years survival rate of patients operated on ECA made 86 %, the main cause of death in recent follow-up period was a cardiac pathology (58 %), brain disorders made 15 %. Among dominating risk factors are coronary heart disease, previous transient ischemic attacks and residual neurologic impairment