8 research outputs found
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Self-Assembled Framework Formed During Lithiation of SnS<sub>2</sub> Nanoplates Revealed by in Situ Electron Microscopy
ConspectusLithium-ion batteries (LIBs) commercially dominate
portable energy
storage and have been extended to hybrid/electric vehicles by utilizing
electrode materials with enhanced energy density. However, the energy
density and cycling life of LIBs must extend beyond the current reach
of commercial electrodes to meet the performance requirements for
transportation applications. Carbon-based anodes, serving as the main
negative electrodes in LIBs, have an intrinsic capacity limitation
due to the intercalation mechanism. Some nanostructured carbon materials
offer very interesting reversible capacities and can be considered as
future anode materials. However, their fabrication processes are often
complicated and expensive. Theoretically, using a lithium metal anode
is the best way of delivering high energy density due to its largest
theoretical capacity of more than 3800 mAh g<sup>–1</sup>;
however, lithium metal is highly reactive with liquid electrolytes.
Alternative anodes are being explored, including other lithium-reactive
metals, such as Si, Ge, Zn, V, and so forth. These metals react reversibly
with a large amount of Li per formula unit to form lithium–metal
alloys, rendering these materials promising candidates for next-generation
LIBs with high energy density. Though, most of these pure metallic
anodes experience large volume changes during lithiation and delithiation
processes that often results in cracking of the anode material and
a loss electrical contact between the particles.Nanosized metal
sulfides were recently found to possess better
cycling stability and larger reversible capacities over pure metals.
Further improvements and developments of metal sulfide-based anodes
rely on a fundamental understanding of their electrochemical cycling
mechanisms. Not only must the specific electrochemical reactions be
correctly identified, but also the microstructural evolution upon
electrochemical cycling, which often dictates the cyclability and
stability of nanomaterials in batteries, must be clearly understood.
Probing these dynamic evolution processes, i.e. the lithiation reactions
and morphology evolutions, are often challenging. It requires both
high-resolution chemical analysis and microstructural identification.
In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with electron
energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) has recently been raised as one of
the most powerful techniques for monitoring electrochemical processes
in anode materials for LIBs.In this work, we focus on elucidating
the origin of the structural
stability of SnS<sub>2</sub> during electrochemical cycling by revealing
the microstructural evolution of SnS<sub>2</sub> upon lithiation using
in situ TEM. Crystalline SnS<sub>2</sub> was observed to undergo a
two-step reaction after the initial lithium intercalation: (1) irreversible
formation of metallic tin and amorphous lithium sulfide and (2) reversible
transformation of metallic tin to Li–Sn alloys, which is determined
to be the rate-determining step. More interestingly, it was discovered
that a self-assembled composite framework formed during the irreversible
conversion reaction, which has not been previously reported. Crystalline
Sn nanoparticles are well arranged within an amorphous Li<sub>2</sub>S “matrix” in this self-assembled framework. This nanoscale
framework confines the locations of individual Sn nanoparticles and
prevents particle agglomeration during the subsequent cycling processes,
therefore providing desired structural tolerance and warranting a sufficientelectron pathway. Our results not only explain the outstanding cycling stability of SnS<sub>2</sub> over metallic tin anodes, but also provide important mechanistic insights into the design of high-performance electrodes for next-generation LIBs through the integration of a unique nanoframework
Electron Beam Etching of CaO Crystals Observed Atom by Atom
With the rapid development of nanoscale
structuring technology,
the precision in the etching reaches the sub-10 nm scale today. However,
with the ongoing development of nanofabrication the etching mechanisms
with atomic precision still have to be understood in detail and improved.
Here we observe, atom by atom, how preferential facets form in CaO
crystals that are etched by an electron beam in an in situ high-resolution
transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). An etching mechanism under
electron beam irradiation is observed that is surprisingly similar
to chemical etching and results in the formation of nanofacets. The
observations also explain the dynamics of surface roughening. Our
findings show how electron beam etching technology can be developed
to ultimately realize tailoring of the facets of various crystalline
materials with atomic precision
Interfacial Stability of Li Metal–Solid Electrolyte Elucidated via in Situ Electron Microscopy
Despite their different
chemistries, novel energy-storage systems, e.g., Li–air, Li–S,
all-solid-state Li batteries, etc., face one critical challenge of
forming a conductive and stable interface between Li metal and a solid
electrolyte. An accurate understanding of the formation mechanism
and the exact structure and chemistry of the rarely existing benign
interfaces, such as the Li–cubic-Li<sub>7–3<i>x</i></sub>Al<sub><i>x</i></sub>La<sub>3</sub>Zr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>12</sub> (c-LLZO) interface, is crucial for enabling the use
of Li metal anodes. Due to spatial confinement and structural and
chemical complications, current investigations are largely limited
to theoretical calculations. Here, through an in situ formation of
Li–c-LLZO interfaces inside an aberration-corrected scanning
transmission electron microscope, we successfully reveal the interfacial
chemical and structural progression. Upon contact with Li metal, the
LLZO surface is reduced, which is accompanied by the simultaneous
implantation of Li<sup>+</sup>, resulting in a tetragonal-like LLZO
interphase that stabilizes at an extremely small thickness of around
five unit cells. This interphase effectively prevented further interfacial
reactions without compromising the ionic conductivity. Although the
cubic-to-tetragonal transition is typically undesired during LLZO
synthesis, the similar structural change was found to be the likely
key to the observed benign interface. These insights provide a new
perspective for designing Li–solid electrolyte interfaces that
can enable the use of Li metal anodes in next-generation batteries
Spring-Like Pseudoelectroelasticity of Monocrystalline Cu<sub>2</sub>S Nanowire
Prediction
from the dual-phase nature of superionic conductorsî—¸both
solid and liquid-likeî—¸is that mobile ions in the material may
experience reversible extraction–reinsertion by an external
electric field. However, this type of pseudoelectroelasticity has
not been confirmed <i>in situ</i>, and no details on the
microscopic mechanism are known. Here, we <i>in situ</i> monitor the pseudoelectroelasticity of monocrystalline Cu<sub>2</sub>S nanowires (NWs) using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Specifically,
we reveal the atomic scale details including phase transformation,
migration and redox reactions of Cu<sup>+</sup> ions, nucleation,
growth, as well as spontaneous shrinking of Cu protrusion. Caterpillar-diffusion-dominated
deformation is confirmed by the high-resolution transmission electron
microscopy (HRTEM) observation and <i>ab initio</i> calculation, which can be driven by either an external electric
field or chemical potential difference. The observed spring-like behavior
was creatively adopted for electric nanoactuators. Our findings are
crucial to elucidate the mechanism of pseudoelectroelasticity and
could potentially stimulate in-depth research into electrochemical
and nanoelectromechanical systems
Spring-Like Pseudoelectroelasticity of Monocrystalline Cu<sub>2</sub>S Nanowire
Prediction
from the dual-phase nature of superionic conductorsî—¸both
solid and liquid-likeî—¸is that mobile ions in the material may
experience reversible extraction–reinsertion by an external
electric field. However, this type of pseudoelectroelasticity has
not been confirmed <i>in situ</i>, and no details on the
microscopic mechanism are known. Here, we <i>in situ</i> monitor the pseudoelectroelasticity of monocrystalline Cu<sub>2</sub>S nanowires (NWs) using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Specifically,
we reveal the atomic scale details including phase transformation,
migration and redox reactions of Cu<sup>+</sup> ions, nucleation,
growth, as well as spontaneous shrinking of Cu protrusion. Caterpillar-diffusion-dominated
deformation is confirmed by the high-resolution transmission electron
microscopy (HRTEM) observation and <i>ab initio</i> calculation, which can be driven by either an external electric
field or chemical potential difference. The observed spring-like behavior
was creatively adopted for electric nanoactuators. Our findings are
crucial to elucidate the mechanism of pseudoelectroelasticity and
could potentially stimulate in-depth research into electrochemical
and nanoelectromechanical systems
Spring-Like Pseudoelectroelasticity of Monocrystalline Cu<sub>2</sub>S Nanowire
Prediction
from the dual-phase nature of superionic conductorsî—¸both
solid and liquid-likeî—¸is that mobile ions in the material may
experience reversible extraction–reinsertion by an external
electric field. However, this type of pseudoelectroelasticity has
not been confirmed <i>in situ</i>, and no details on the
microscopic mechanism are known. Here, we <i>in situ</i> monitor the pseudoelectroelasticity of monocrystalline Cu<sub>2</sub>S nanowires (NWs) using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Specifically,
we reveal the atomic scale details including phase transformation,
migration and redox reactions of Cu<sup>+</sup> ions, nucleation,
growth, as well as spontaneous shrinking of Cu protrusion. Caterpillar-diffusion-dominated
deformation is confirmed by the high-resolution transmission electron
microscopy (HRTEM) observation and <i>ab initio</i> calculation, which can be driven by either an external electric
field or chemical potential difference. The observed spring-like behavior
was creatively adopted for electric nanoactuators. Our findings are
crucial to elucidate the mechanism of pseudoelectroelasticity and
could potentially stimulate in-depth research into electrochemical
and nanoelectromechanical systems
New Nanoconfined Galvanic Replacement Synthesis of Hollow Sb@C Yolk–Shell Spheres Constituting a Stable Anode for High-Rate Li/Na-Ion Batteries
In the current research
project, we have prepared a novel Sb@C nanosphere anode with biomimetic
yolk–shell structure for Li/Na-ion batteries via a nanoconfined
galvanic replacement route. The yolk–shell microstructure consists
of Sb hollow yolk completely protected by a well-conductive carbon
thin shell. The substantial void space in the these hollow Sb@C yolk–shell
particles allows for the full volume expansion of inner Sb while maintaining
the framework of the Sb@C anode and developing a stable SEI film on
the outside carbon shell. As for Li-ion battery anode, they displayed
a large specific capacity (634 mAh g<sup>–1</sup>), high rate
capability (specific capabilities of 622, 557, 496, 439, and 384 mAh
g<sup>–1</sup> at 100, 200, 500, 1000, and 2000 mA g<sup>–1</sup>, respectively) and stable cycling performance (a specific capacity
of 405 mAh g<sup>–1</sup> after long 300 cycles at 1000 mA
g<sup>–1</sup>). As for Na-ion storage, these yolk–shell
Sb@C particles also maintained a reversible capacity of approximate
280 mAh g<sup>–1</sup> at 1000 mA g<sup>–1</sup> after
200 cycles
New Nanoconfined Galvanic Replacement Synthesis of Hollow Sb@C Yolk–Shell Spheres Constituting a Stable Anode for High-Rate Li/Na-Ion Batteries
In the current research
project, we have prepared a novel Sb@C nanosphere anode with biomimetic
yolk–shell structure for Li/Na-ion batteries via a nanoconfined
galvanic replacement route. The yolk–shell microstructure consists
of Sb hollow yolk completely protected by a well-conductive carbon
thin shell. The substantial void space in the these hollow Sb@C yolk–shell
particles allows for the full volume expansion of inner Sb while maintaining
the framework of the Sb@C anode and developing a stable SEI film on
the outside carbon shell. As for Li-ion battery anode, they displayed
a large specific capacity (634 mAh g<sup>–1</sup>), high rate
capability (specific capabilities of 622, 557, 496, 439, and 384 mAh
g<sup>–1</sup> at 100, 200, 500, 1000, and 2000 mA g<sup>–1</sup>, respectively) and stable cycling performance (a specific capacity
of 405 mAh g<sup>–1</sup> after long 300 cycles at 1000 mA
g<sup>–1</sup>). As for Na-ion storage, these yolk–shell
Sb@C particles also maintained a reversible capacity of approximate
280 mAh g<sup>–1</sup> at 1000 mA g<sup>–1</sup> after
200 cycles