The Expanding Rol of the President as Commander-In-Chief Since World War II

While conflict has always existed between the president and the Congress over war-making roles, the president\u27s Commander-in-Chief role has expanded significantly since World War II. This study examines expansion of presidential power in terms of the establishment of the United States as a world economic and political power and the development of nuclear weapons. Case studies were selected from each of the administrations from Truman through Reagan to illustrate these points. The Truman administration is studied in terms of the war in Korea and the advent of the limited war concept in a nuclear-powered world. President Eisenhower\u27s massive retaliation strategy represents the first real national military strategy. It set the stage for an unprecedented standing force of nuclear weapons as the U.S. moved to the center stage of world power. The Kennedy administration\u27s handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis outlines the problems of massive retaliation strategy as other nations continued to develop their own forces. It also points out the need for a sole decision maker in crisis situations and changes in the concept of imminent danger. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in 1964 granted the broadest possible powers to President Johnson as he pursued American interests in Vietnam. The resolution led to the largest presidentially made war in American history. President Nixon\u27s decision to bomb and invade Cambodia in 1970 was an extension of the Tonkin Gulf Resolution. This decision served as the final straw for Congress in terms of presidential power and resulted in the War Powers Act of 1973. The Ford Administration\u27s handling of the Mavaguez seizure in 1975 and President Carter\u27s approach to the Iran hostage crisis in 1979 illustrate the presidency in the post-War Powers Act environment. Both men gave lip service to the law, but basically continued to act as presidents before them had done. President Reagan\u27s leadership in invading Grenada in 1983 finally illustrates the use of strong presidential power, yet recognizes the role of Congress in war-making by complying with the provisions of the War Powers Act. This thesis concludes that presidential war powers expanded to an all time high by 1973, and then levelled off. Much of the time since then has been spent seeking the correct balance between the president and Congress based on the provisions of the War Powers Act

Enhancing General Aviation Aircraft Safety With Supplemental Angle Of Attack Systems

Between 2001 and 2010, the Federal Aviation Administration determined 40.2 percent of fatal general aviation accidents in the United States, or 1,259 accidents, were caused by inflight loss of control. General aviation accidents continue to be responsible for more than 440 fatalities each year in the United States, and approximately 40 percent of these are caused by loss of control, mainly stalls. This sequential mixed methods study tested the theory that the number of stalls in the traffic pattern in light general aviation aircraft can be reduced when aircraft are equipped with supplemental angle of attack instrumentation designed to provide the pilot continuous situational awareness regarding remaining lift available for the current aircraft configuration and flight conditions. Quantitative research questions first addressed the relationship between stabilized approaches and installation of supplemental AOA systems through multiple regressions. Safety surveys of flight instructors and students were then used to probe significant findings regarding AOA system contributions to flying stabilized approaches. These follow up surveys were designed to better understand the quantitative results as well as collect information useful to developing future training. Over the course of 1,616 analyzed approaches flown between October 1, 2013 and December 31, 2014, the addition of supplemental angle of attack systems alone did not significantly increase the likelihood of subject pilots flying a stabilized approach. The overall regression models for airspeed and altitude elements of stabilized approaches were significant, but no significant effect of supplemental AOA systems was observed. Likewise, checking each individual AOA system for influence on approach performance against the control group of unmodified aircraft yielded no significant effects. Technical limitations of flight data collection equipment and lack of formal training for subject pilots were identified as possible masks of AOA system effects. Recommendations for formal training and future research are made based on these limitations

Are Groups more Rational than Individuals? A Review of Interactive Decision Making in Groups

Many decisions are interactive; the outcome of one party depends not only on its decisions or on acts of nature but also on the decisions of others. In the present article, we review the literature on decision making made by groups of the past 25 years. Researchers have compared the strategic behavior of groups and individuals in many games: prisoner’s dilemma, dictator, ultimatum, trust, centipede and principal-agent games, among others. Our review suggests that results are quite consistent in revealing that groups behave closer to the game-theoretical assumption of rationality and selfishness than individuals. We conclude by discussing future research avenues in this area.group decision making, interactive decision making, rationality, discontinuity effect

Deformed Skyrme Crystals

The Skyrme crystal, a solution of the Skyrme model, is the lowest energy-per-charge configuration of skyrmions seen so far. Our numerical investigations show that, as the period in various space directions is changed, one obtains various other configurations, such as a double square wall, and parallel vortex-like solutions. We also show that there is a sudden "phase transition" between a Skyrme crystal and the charge 4 skyrmion with cubic symmetry as the period is gradually increased in all three space directions.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures. To be published in JHE

Options for upgrading the intensity of the CERN lead pre-injector ion source

CERN's heavy ion pre-injector has been in service since 1994, providing lead ions for fixed target collisions at 177 GeV per nucleon in the SPS. In the LHC era, heavy ion collisions require an increase in the beam brightness, compared to the present injector system of Linac 3, Proton Synchrotron Booster and the Proton Synchrotron. Stacking and cooling ions in a Low Energy Ion Ring should find the largest part of this increase. However, further improvements can be envisaged by upgrading the pre-injector and source. The performance and limitations of the present source and Linac 3 will be discussed, and options for increasing the source brightness will be presented. These options consist of upgrades of the ECR Source to higher frequencies, or its replacement with a Laser Ion Source

In-plane optical spectral weight transfer in optimally doped Bi2_{2}Sr2_{2}Ca2_{2}Cu3_{3}O10_{10}

We examine the redistribution of the in-plane optical spectral weight in the normal and superconducting state in tri-layer \bbb (Bi2223) near optimal doping ($T_c$ = 110 K) on a single crystal via infrared reflectivity and spectroscopic ellipsometry. We report the temperature dependence of the low-frequency integrated spectral weight $W(\Omega_c)$ for different values of the cutoff energy $\Omega_c$. Two different model-independent analyses consistently show that for $\Omega_c$ = 1 eV, which is below the charge transfer gap, $W(\Omega_c)$ increases below $T_c$, implying the lowering of the kinetic energy of the holes. This is opposite to the BCS scenario, but it follows the same trend observed in the bi-layer compound \bb (Bi2212). The size of this effect is larger in Bi2223 than in Bi2212, approximately scaling with the critical temperature. In the normal state, the temperature dependence of $W(\Omega_c)$ is close to $T^2$ up to 300 K

First direct observation of the Van Hove singularity in the tunneling spectra of cuprates

In two-dimensional lattices the electronic levels are unevenly spaced, and the density of states (DOS) displays a logarithmic divergence known as the Van Hove singularity (VHS). This is the case in particular for the layered cuprate superconductors. The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) probes the DOS, and is therefore the ideal tool to observe the VHS. No STM study of cuprate superconductors has reported such an observation so far giving rise to a debate about the possibility of observing directly the normal state DOS in the tunneling spectra. In this study, we show for the first time that the VHS is unambiguously observed in STM measurements performed on the cuprate Bi-2201. Beside closing the debate, our analysis proves the presence of the pseudogap in the overdoped side of the phase diagram of Bi-2201 and discredits the scenario of the pseudogap phase crossing the superconducting dome.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure