Ways To Cope With Teacher Burnout Factors In Elt Classrooms

As a result of working in a stressful working environment, people commonly face "burnout". Burnout refers to negative consequences associated with chronic job stress and it likely occurs in anyone who works with people in some capacity. Hence, it would be fair to say that burnout is not a phenomenon associated exclusively with any particular human service population (Buck: 2006). As they deal with teaching to students and organizing a relationship with the administration and many other issues all of which are related to human service and relation, teachers present one of the top 5 most stressful careers in the world (Coombe: 2008). As a result of the stressful work they do, teachers commonly face "burnout". Teacher burnout is an issue to be taken into consideration as it affects learners as well as teachers. In order to obtain a more stress free environment and save both the learners and the teachers from psychological and physical effects of burnout, the issue of burnout is going to be studied in this paper. This study aims to give the definition, historical background and the sources of burnout as well as the harms of burnout period on ELT teachers and ways to avoid from teacher burnout. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Wo

The Interface Between Efl Teachers' Self-Efficacy Concerning Critical Reading Comprehension And Some Select Variables

In the recent decades individual differences in learning has become important in EFL/ESL classes. Generally, the main concern in EFL/ESL classes is to analyze the students. It is for this reason that most of the studies conducted are about the students. However, in the learning process the prerequisite for the learning process is the teacher/instructor. The individual differences of the instructors play an important role in order to have success in EFL/ESL classes. These individual differences affect the self efficacy levels of the instructors. This study aims to study one of these individual differences: self-efficacy. To narrow down the focus of investigation, this study aimed at exploring the self efficacy level of the EFL instructors in regard to reading and its relation to gender, teaching experience and department of graduation. A group of 50 instructors of English participated in the present study. The Data for the instructors' self-efficacy were collected through self-efficacy questionnaire on reading. The gender, year of experience, BA graduation department and university are the other variables observed in this study. The results of statistical analyses indicated that there was no difference between the groups in terms of variables. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of ALSC 2012Wo

Prospective English Language Teachers' Views On Literature In Their Teacher Education Curriculum And Its Potential Value

Foreign language teachers use literary texts in their classrooms for their potential practical uses among which the existence of their enriched lexis is the leading one. Still, much research is needed to map and develop literature teaching in foreign language classrooms in Turkey. In this study, views of prospective English language teachers on literature and its place in their teacher education curriculum are studied. Eighty-four second and third year prospective teachers of English participated in this study. A five point Likert-type scale including 24 questions was developed and the reliability of the scale was found to be .962, pointing at the scale's high internal reliability. The findings indicated that 78% of the prospective teachers have positive feelings about literature courses in their teacher education programs. In terms of the genres, although accepting the novel and short story as important genres, majority of them do not think that poetry is an important genre that can be used in EFL classrooms. Although most of the participants believe that literature courses help learning about the target culture while developing students' lexis, in terms of language skills, they do not fully agree that speaking can be developed by means of literature.WoSScopu

Risk for Major Bleeding in Patients Receiving Ticagrelor Compared With Aspirin After Transient Ischemic Attack or Acute Ischemic Stroke in the SOCRATES Study (Acute Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack Treated With Aspirin or Ticagrelor and Patient Outcomes)

Abstract: Background: Patients with minor acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack are at high risk for subsequent stroke, and more potent antiplatelet therapy in the acute setting is needed. However, the potential benefit of more intense antiplatelet therapy must be assessed in relation to the risk for major bleeding. The SOCRATES trial (Acute Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack Treated With Aspirin or Ticagrelor and Patient Outcomes) was the first trial with ticagrelor in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack in which the efficacy and safety of ticagrelor were compared with those of aspirin. The main safety objective was assessment of PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes)\u2013defined major bleeds on treatment, with special focus on intracranial hemorrhage (ICrH). Methods: An independent adjudication committee blinded to study treatment classified bleeds according to the PLATO, TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction), and GUSTO (Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries) definitions. The definitions of ICrH and major bleeding excluded cerebral microbleeds and asymptomatic hemorrhagic transformations of cerebral infarctions so that the definitions better discriminated important events in the acute stroke population. Results: A total of 13 130 of 13 199 randomized patients received at least 1 dose of study drug and were included in the safety analysis set. PLATO major bleeds occurred in 31 patients (0.5%) on ticagrelor and 38 patients (0.6%) on aspirin (hazard ratio, 0.83; 95% confidence interval, 0.52\u20131.34). The most common locations of major bleeds were intracranial and gastrointestinal. ICrH was reported in 12 patients (0.2%) on ticagrelor and 18 patients (0.3%) on aspirin. Thirteen of all 30 ICrHs (4 on ticagrelor and 9 on aspirin) were hemorrhagic strokes, and 4 (2 in each group) were symptomatic hemorrhagic transformations of brain infarctions. The ICrHs were spontaneous in 6 and 13, traumatic in 3 and 3, and procedural in 3 and 2 patients on ticagrelor and aspirin, respectively. In total, 9 fatal bleeds occurred on ticagrelor and 4 on aspirin. The composite of ICrH or fatal bleeding included 15 patients on ticagrelor and 18 on aspirin. Independently of bleeding classification, PLATO, TIMI, or GUSTO, the relative difference between treatments for major/severe bleeds was similar. Nonmajor bleeds were more common on ticagrelor. Conclusions: Antiplatelet therapy with ticagrelor in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack showed a bleeding profile similar to that of aspirin for major bleeds. There were few ICrHs. Clinical Trial Registration: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01994720.Abstract: BACKGROUND: Patients with minor acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack are at high risk for subsequent stroke, and more potent antiplatelet therapy in the acute setting is needed. However, the potential benefit of more intense antiplatelet therapy must be assessed in relation to the risk for major bleeding. The SOCRATES trial (Acute Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack Treated With Aspirin or Ticagrelor and Patient Outcomes) was the first trial with ticagrelor in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack in which the efficacy and safety of ticagrelor were compared with those of aspirin. The main safety objective was assessment of PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes)-defined major bleeds on treatment, with special focus on intracranial hemorrhage (ICrH). METHODS: An independent adjudication committee blinded to study treatment classified bleeds according to the PLATO, TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction), and GUSTO (Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries) definitions. The definitions of ICrH and major bleeding excluded cerebral microbleeds and asymptomatic hemorrhagic transformations of cerebral infarctions so that the definitions better discriminated important events in the acute stroke population. RESULTS: A total of 13 130 of 13 199 randomized patients received at least 1 dose of study drug and were included in the safety analysis set. PLATO major bleeds occurred in 31 patients (0.5%) on ticagrelor and 38 patients (0.6%) on aspirin (hazard ratio, 0.83; 95% confidence interval, 0.52-1.34). The most common locations of major bleeds were intracranial and gastrointestinal. ICrH was reported in 12 patients (0.2%) on ticagrelor and 18 patients (0.3%) on aspirin. Thirteen of all 30 ICrHs (4 on ticagrelor and 9 on aspirin) were hemorrhagic strokes, and 4 (2 in each group) were symptomatic hemorrhagic transformations of brain infarctions. The ICrHs were spontaneous in 6 and 13, traumatic in 3 and 3, and procedural in 3 and 2 patients on ticagrelor and aspirin, respectively. In total, 9 fatal bleeds occurred on ticagrelor and 4 on aspirin. The composite of ICrH or fatal bleeding included 15 patients on ticagrelor and 18 on aspirin. Independently of bleeding classification, PLATO, TIMI, or GUSTO, the relative difference between treatments for major/severe bleeds was similar. Nonmajor bleeds were more common on ticagrelor. CONCLUSIONS: Antiplatelet therapy with ticagrelor in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack showed a bleeding profile similar to that of aspirin for major bleeds. There were few ICrHs