The Europeanization of Holocaust memory and Eastern Europe

Czerpiąc z idei rozwijanych w studiach nad pamięcią kulturową i społeczną oraz w teorii europeizacji, artykuł analizuje europeizację pamięci o Holokauście rozumianą jako proces konstrukcji, instytucjonalizacji i dyfuzji przekonań dotyczących Zagłady oraz norm i reguł odnoszących się do upamiętniania Zagłady i nauczania o niej na poziomie transnarodowym, europejskim, oraz ich włączania w praktyki krajów postkomunistycznych Europy Wschodniej, która to część Europy była obszarem, gdzie Holokaust zasadniczo miał miejsce. Artykuł identyfikuje transnarodowe podmioty europeizacji pamięci o Zagładzie: Parlament Europejski, International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, Radę Europy, Organizację Bezpieczeństwa i Współpracy w Europie i jej Biuro Instytucji Demokratycznych i Praw Człowieka, jak również Organizację Narodów Zjednoczonych. Następnie artykuł analizuje chronologicznie kluczowe działania i dokumenty tych podmiotów dotyczące Holokaustu, biorąc pod uwagę zróżnicowaną i zmieniającą się w czasie pozycję krajów Europy Wschodniej wobec tych organizacji. Dalej artykuł bada synchronicznie wynik analizowanego procesu - europejską pamięć o Zagładzie - identyfikując jej kluczowe składniki, omawiając jej główne aspekty i ilustrując wpływ procesu i wyniku europeizacji pamięci o Zagładzie na pamięć o tym wydarzeniu w krajach regionu. Artykuł twierdzi, że europeizacja pamięci o Zagładzie przyczyniła się znacząco do rozwoju pamięci o Zagładzie w Europie Wschodniej, aczkolwiek inne podmioty i procesy były również w ów rozwój zaangażowane.Drawing upon developments in cultural and social memory studies and Europeanization theory, this article examines the Europeanization of Holocaust memory understood as the process of construction, institutionalization, and diffusion of beliefs regarding the Holocaust and norms and rules regarding Holocaust remembrance and education at a transnational, European level since the 1990s and their incorporation in the countries of post-communist Eastern Europe, which is also the area where the Holocaust largely took place. The article identifies the transnational agents of the Europeanization of Holocaust memory - the European Union’s parliament, the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and its Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, as well as the United Nations. It analyzes chronologically the key Holocaust-related activities and documents of these agents, highlighting East European countries’ varied and changing position towards them. It examines synchronically the outcome of the Europeanization of Holocaust memory by these transnational agents - a European memory of the Holocaust - identifying its key components, discussing the main aspects, and illustrating the impact of this process and outcome upon the memory of the Holocaust in the East European countries. The article argues that the Europeanization of Holocaust memory has significantly contributed to the development of Holocaust memory in Eastern Europe, although other agents and processes were also involved

The Image of Reintegration

Architecture plays a role in the image of the convict during his return from prison to society. The prisoner, in a critical moment of his life between prison and freedom, is viewed with distrust in a venue largely misunderstood by society. Can architecture support the image of the halfway house as a place between, where the convict is exposed to society and the world is exposed to the convict, where mutual understanding can lead to a more positive return of the convict to society? Program, form, and context will be examined through the mediums of analog (drawings, collage, physical models) and digital (drawings, models, animations) representation. A site in Washington, DC will be determined based on pragmatic issues such as visibility, geographic relationship to schools, and neighborhood density, as well as a site that reflects and characterizes the "between" condition of the convict. Programmatic development of the halfway house will involve understanding of the needs of both occupants and society in order to establish new patterns and seeking places of overlap for social interactions to occur. Lastly, formal development will engage the between space as a means of deliberating the social, political, and aesthetic meanings of the halfway house

The Impact of Rap Music on Audience Values Structure

Music has long been an integral part of culture. Identity and leisure are but two of the myriad reasons cited for music consumption. Rap music is a relatively new genre of music that has enjoyed tremendous success as a commercial and underground movement. This particular genre has become an important part of musical culture and has recently become an area of interest from an academic perspective. In this project, research in the areas of media effects and values formation is explored. Additionally, lyrical content, usage and technological implications are discussed. The author reports on original research in which the correlation between consumption of rap music and values of the consumers is explored

Normal integrands and related classes of functions

summary:Let $D\subset T\times X$, where $T$ is a measurable space, and $X$ a topological space. We study inclusions between three classes of extended real-valued functions on $D$ which are upper semicontinuous in $x$ and satisfy some measurability conditions

Stimulating intrinsic motivation: Brain-based pedagogy for the second-language writing classroom

Examines how the cognitive and biological perspectives of Intrinsic Motivation (IM) could collaboratively engage second language (L2) students in the university writing classroom. Brain-structures and body systems specifically associated with intrinsic motivation are detailed, and brain-based learning strategies are outlined. Concludes with a sample application for the university writing classroom that reflects a brain-based approach to L2 learning

Spaces having uniformities with linearly ordered bases

W pracy badamy własności topologii wyznaczonych przez jednostajności o bazie liniowo uporządkowanej przez wpisywanie gwiaździste pokryć. Dowodzimy m. in., że topologia wyznaczona przez jednostajność z bazą liniowo uporządkowaną jest parazwarta; jeśli jest zwarta, to jest metryzowalna; jeśli nie jest metryzowalna, to jest zerowymiarowa i jest podprzestrzenią granicy odwrotnej układu dobrze uporządkowanego przestrzeni dyskretnych

On caratheodory type selectors in a Hilbert space

In this paper we consider a set-valued function of two variables, measurable in the first and continuous in the second variable. Using metric projections we construct for this function a family of selectors which are Caratheodory maps. The existence of Caratheodory selectors was studied by Castaing [2], [3], Cellina [4], Fryszkowski [9], Fryszkowski [9 and the first author [11]

PSYCHIATRIC COMORBIDITY IN OLDER ADULTS WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY

Background: The population of older adults with intellectual disability (ID) is large and growing due to a significant increase of life expectancy caused by improvements in health and social care. Multimorbidity is highly prevalent in this population and comorbid psychiatric disorders are especially frequent. Subject and methods: The aim of this article is to review the prevalence and consequences of psychiatric comorbidity in the population of older adults with ID. We therefore performed a literature search of studies relevant to adults with ID, published since January 2006, using the following keywords: intellectual disability and comorbidity, intellectual disability and mental disorders, intellectual disability and polypharmacy. Results: Psychiatric comorbidity is frequent among patients with ID and correlates with older age. Mental disorders are present in up to 40% of older adults with ID and the most prevalent are challenging behaviour, depression, anxiety and dementia. Patients with ID and at least one co-morbid mental disorder are at a high risk of polypharmacy. Importantly, psychiatric comorbidity was found to significantly increase service use and costs of care. Conclusions: Further investigation of the population of older adults with ID is needed, with special attention to development of clear treatment guidelines in order to effectively manage co-morbid mental illnesses and physical health problems