Energy from waste and the food processing industry

The provision of a secure, continuous energy supply is becoming an issue for all sectors of society and the foodprocessingindustry as a major energy user must address these issues. This paper identifies anaerobic digestion as an opportunity to go some way to achieving energy security in a sustainable manner. However, a number of energy management and waste reduction concepts must also be brought into play if the environmental, social and economic aspects of sustainability are to be balanced. The reporting of such activity will help to promote the green credentials of the industry. Cleaner production, supply chain and life cycle assessment approaches all have a part to play as tools supporting a new vision for integrated energy and waste management. Our reliance on high-energyprocessing, such as canning and freezing/chill storage, might also need re-assessment together with processing based on hurdle technology. Finally, the concepts of energy and power management for a distributed energy generation system must be brought into the foodprocessingindustry

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Not AvailableEFFICACY OF PRE AND POST EMERGENCE OF WEEDICIDES WAS EVALUATED IN RESPECT OF ERADICATION OF WEEDS IN RAINFED SORGHUM ( M 35- 1) AND COMPARED WITH MANUAL WEEDING. HAND WEEDING , TAFAZINE ( AS PRE EMERGENT WEEDICIDE) AT 1 AND 2 kg/ha AND TAFICIDE ( AS POST EMERGENT WEEDICIDE) AT 1 kg/ha WERE FOUND TO HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER GRAIN YIELDS.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTHE PAPER DEALS WITH DEVELOPMENT OF A WATERSHED (313 HA) AT KHEDBRAHMA TALUKA IN SABARKANTHA DISTRICT ( GUJARAT STATE) THROUGH ADOPTION OF INTEGRATED SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT , CROPPING AND FUEL- FODDER PRODUCTION PROGRAMMES WITH THE ACTIVE PARTICIPATION OF THE LOCAL PEOPLE. THE PARAMETERS OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ARE SUGGESTIVE OF THE EXISTING POTENTIAL IN THE AREA AS REFLECTED IN THE OVERALL- BENEFIT - COST RATIO OF RS 2.00 IN THE WATERSHED.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIN THIS PAPER , THE AUTHORS DESCRIBE BOTH TRADITIONAL AS WELL AS NEW AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS IN VOGUE IN KHEDA , VADODARA AND PANCHMAHAL DISTRICTS OF GUJARAT HAVING TROPICAL SEM- ARID CLIMATE. IN THE TRADITIONAL AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS ( AFS) , A MULTIPURPOSE GRASSES , SHRUBS, TREES SPECIES ARE GROWN IN ASSORTED MANNER WITH AGRICULTURAL CROPS TO MEET THE BASIC NEEDS OF FOOD , FUELWOOD AND FODDER. THE MULTI- PURPOSE TREES (MPTs) GENERALLY FOUND IN TRADITIONAL AFS ARE ACACIA NILOTICA, AZADIRACHTA INDICA, PITHECELLOBIUM DULCE, PROSPIS CINERARIA, TAMARINDUS INDICA, HOLOPTELIA INTEGRIFOLIA, MAGNIFERA INDICA, ZIZYPHUS MAURITIANA, ANNONA SQUAAMOSA, MORINGA OLEIFERA AND HARDWICKIA BINATA. UNDER NON- ARABLE LANDS, MPTs AND FODDER GRASSES ARE PREDOMINANT. RECENT TRENDS OF AFS ENVISAGE PERFECT PLANNING OF COMPATIBLE MPTs AND FODDER GRASSES WITH CROPS. LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA WITH DICHANTHIUM ANNULATUM AND CENCHRUS CILIARIS IN 1:3 RATIO IS RECOMMENDED FOR MEETING THE FODDER AND FUEL REQUIREMENTS..... FOR MANAGEMENT OF AFS SIDE TRENCHING ( 0.4 m x 0.6m) AND 50% CROWN PRUNING HAVE BEEN FOUND USEFUL IN MINIMIZING ROOT COMPETITION AND SHADE EFFECT OF TREES.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTHE PAPER DISCUSSES THE RESULTS OF AN EXPERIMENT IN WHICH PRE- EMERGENCE SPRAY OF 3 WEEDICIDES AND POST EMERGENCE SPRAY OF WEEDICIDES ALL AT TWO DOSES WERE COMPARED WITH NO WEEDING AND HAND WEEDING IN COTTON (PRH- 30/2) . PRE EMERGENCE APPLICATION OF COTORAN 80 W AT BOTH LEVELS OF 1.5 AND 3.0 kg/ha WAS AS EFFECTIVE AS HAND WEEDING CONTROLLING HE WEED GROWTH AND INCREASING THE HEIGHT AND YIELD OF COTTON UNDER RAINFED CONDITIONS.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA STUDY WAS CONDUCTED IN WHICH BAMBOO ( DENDROCALAMUS STRICTUS) WAS PLANTED IN THE YEAR 1964 AT 6 X 6 M DISTANCE IN THE DEEP RAVINES LOCATED ON THE RIGHT BANK OF RIVER MAHISAGAR AT VILLAGE VASAD IN KHEDA OF GUJARAT. THE AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL HERE IS 865 MM WHICH OCCURS IN 38 RAINY DAYS. 95% OF THE RAIN FALLS DURING THE MONTHS OF JUNE TO SEPTEMBER. PLANTING WAS DONE ON CONTOURS IN STAGGERED MANNER. THE PLANTATION WAS RAISED PURELY RAINFED WITH NO FERTILISER APPLICATION. THE BAMBOO HAS ESTABLISHED EXTREMELY WELL IN THESE RAVINES. IN AN EXPERIMENT CONDUCTED DURING 1980 TO 1983 , VARIOUS FELLING CYCLES WERE TRIED FOR ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION OF BAMBOOS. THE AVERAGE ANNUAL YIELDS PER CLUMP OBTAINED VARIED FROM 6.21 TO 11.69 . THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT A SMALL FARMER MAY ADOPT ANNUAL CUTTING AT THE RATE OF 30% OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF CULMS FOR OBTAINING OPTIMUM ANNUAL RETURNS , BUT IN PLACES OF LARGE SCALE PLANTATIONS OR IN AREAS VULNERABLE TO SOIL EROSION , HARVESTING ONCE IN 4 YEARS MAY BE MORE PRACTICAL FROM THE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT POINT OF VIEW.Not Availabl

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Not Available25 VARIETIES OF GINGER WERE EVALUATED ALONG WITH THE LOCAL VARIETY IN A REPLICATED RANDOMISED BLOCK DESIGN , SINCE 1975. THE YIELD POTENTIAL OF MARAN , A LOW FIBRE CONTENT VARIETY WAS 7 t/ha AS COMPARED TO THE LOCAL VARIETY ( 6t/ha) . VARIETIES NAMELY KUNNAMANGLAM (5.8 t/ha) , MANAMTODY (5.5 t/ha) , VENGURA (5.1 t/ha) AND ERANAD CHERANAD ( 4.0 t/ha) WERE ALSO PROMISING VARIETIES SUCH AS MANAMTODY AND KARAKKAL WERE FOUND TO POSSESS LOW FIBRE COTENT ( 7.0 AND 6% RESPECTIVELY) THOUGH THEIR YIELDS ARE NOT AS HIGH AS OF LOCAL AND MARAN VARIETIES.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableSIX VARIETIES OF TURMERIC AND ONE LOCAL WERE EVALUATED AT DEHRADUN IN A REPLICATED RANDOMISED BLOCK DESIGN SINCE 1974. THE DIFFERENCES IN YIELDS WERE FOUND TO BE STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DURING THE CROPPING SEASONS 1974-78 . THE VARIETIES NO 24 ( 12104 kg/ha) C.A 68 DAHGI ( 11725 k/ha) , C.L.L -323 AVANIGADDA ( 10550 kg/ha). THE VARIETIES NO 24 AND C.A 68 DAHGI ARE RECOMMENDED TO BE POPULARISED FOR DOON VALLEY. IT IS FURTHER RECOMMENDED THAT THESE VARIETIES NAMELY NO 24 AND C.A 68 DAHGI ARE PROMISING ALSO AS INTERCROP IN PEACH ( VAR. FLORIDA SUN) ORCHARDS.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableSIX VARIETIES OF TURMERIC WERE EVALUATED. THE VARIETIES NO 24 (12104 kg/ha), C.A 68 DAGHI (11725 kg/ha) , C.L.L AVANIGADDA (10550 kg/ha) AND C.A 66 G.L PURAM GAVE SIGNIFICANTLY BETTER YIELDS OVER THE CONTROL (8061 kg/ha) i.e THE LOCAL VARIETY.Not Availabl