Direct amination of nitroquinoline derivatives via nucleophilic displacement of aromatic hydrogen

The vicarious nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen (VNS) reaction in electron-deficient nitroquinolines was studied. Properties of all new products have been characterized by several techniques: MS, HRMS, FTIR, GC-MS, electronic absorption spectroscopy, and multinuclear NMR. The structures of 4-chloro-8-nitroquinoline, 8-(tert-butyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroquinoline, 9-(8-nitroquinolin-7-yl)-9H-carbazole and (Z)-7-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-8-(hydroxyimino)quinolin-5(8H)-one were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements. The 9-(8-nitroquinolin-7-yl)-9H-carbazole and (Z)-7-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-8-(hydroxyimino)quinolin-5(8H)-one illustrate the nitro/nitroso conversion within VNS reaction. Additionally, 9-(8-isopropyl-2-((8-isopropyl-2-methyl-5-nitroquinolin-6-yl)methyl)-5-nitrosoquinolin-6-yl)-9H-carbazole is presented as a double VNS product. It is postulated that the potassium counterion interacts with the oxygen on the nitro group, which could influence nucleophile attack in that way

Principles of law

Zasady prawa odgrywają istotną rolę zarówno na gruncie teoretycznym, jak i praktycznym. Są swoistym azymytem dla ustawodawcy w kształtowaniu prawa, jak i interpretatora w procesie stosowania prawa. Szczególnej uwagi wymaga relacja zasad prawa oraz reguł. Koncepcji, która coraz częściej jest przedmiotem analizy na gruncie teoretycznoprawnymPrinciples of law play an important role both on theoretical and practical grounds. They are a kind of azimuth for the legislator, in shaping the law, as well as the interpreter, in the process of applying the law. The relationship between principles of law and rules requires special attention. A concept that is more and more often analysed on theoretical and legal grounds

Doubts concerning the interpretation in the light of Art. 12 of the Act on Copyright and Related Rights

Works of the employee are subject to special regulation determined by the Copyright and Related Rights Act. Using strictly legal & employee terms, such as employee, employer or employment agreement within the Copyright and Related Rights Act, the legislator is obliged to maintain coherence. However, as it turns out, such term as employment agreement, understood in the labour law as one of the bases of establishment of the employment relationship, in the opinion of the representatives of the copyright doctrine is a synonym of the employment relationship. These two extreme scopes of the name 'employment agreement' raise serious interpretation doubts that will be analysed in this article