Rozwój instytucji wznowienia postępowania administracyjnego: od totalitaryzmu do demokracji

The purpose of the paper is to present the evolution of the legal shape the institution of resuming administrative proceedings has undergone, starting from the classic regulation in the second decade of the 20th century, through the Polish People’s Republic period, to the present day. The main function of the discussed procedural institution is to verify the final resolution of an individual case if the already completed procedure was affected by what qualified as procedural defect. The resumption of administrative proceedings in the present formula, mainly regulated by the Code of Administrative Procedure, was shaped mainly during the totalitarian rule of the Polish United Workers’ Party of the PRL period. As a consequence, the way the discussed procedural institution formed was influenced by such circumstances as: the one-party system, the lack of social consultations before its passing, or the imposition of the communist ideology adopted in advance, affecting the legal understanding of individual premises for the resumption of proceedings. Due to the lack of administrative judiciary until 1980, which could independently control the public administration activities in the context of correctly interpreting and applying the provisions on resuming administrative proceedings, it was entirely dominated by the communist authorities. Importantly, the administrative law system during the existence of the so-called Polish People’s Republic — which was de facto a non-sovereign state strongly influenced by the Soviet Union — made it impossible for individual legal institutions, including the institution of resuming administrative proceedings, to settle into social and economic realities naturally and free from extra-legal influences. Establishing the administrative judiciary in the form of the Supreme Administrative Court on September 1, 1980 was the first announcement of the system transformation planned for the Polish Republic and democratic changes that were to affect the resumption of administrative proceedings institution by introducing an independent control of its application and interpretation. Due to the changes initiated in 1980 and continued in 1989, 1997, and 2002, the institution of resuming administrative proceedings was separated from political influence and totalitarian values in favor of a democratic state ruled by law.The purpose of the paper is to present the evolution of the legal shape the institution of resuming administrative proceedings has undergone, starting from the classic regulation in the second decade of the 20th century, through the Polish People’s Republic period, to the present day. The main function of the discussed procedural institution is to verify the final resolution of an individual case if the already completed procedure was affected by what qualified as procedural defect. The resumption of administrative proceedings in the present formula, mainly regulated by the Code of Administrative Procedure, was shaped mainly during the totalitarian rule of the Polish United Workers’ Party of the PRL period. As a consequence, the way the discussed procedural institution formed was influenced by such circumstances as: the one-party system, the lack of social consultations before its passing, or the imposition of the communist ideology adopted in advance, affecting the legal understanding of individual premises for the resumption of proceedings. Due to the lack of administrative judiciary until 1980, which could independently control the public administration activities in the context of correctly interpreting and applying the provisions on resuming administrative proceedings, it was entirely dominated by the communist authorities. Importantly, the administrative law system during the existence of the so-called Polish People’s Republic — which was de facto a non-sovereign state strongly influenced by the Soviet Union — made it impossible for individual legal institutions, including the institution of resuming administrative proceedings, to settle into social and economic realities naturally and free from extra-legal influences. Establishing the administrative judiciary in the form of the Supreme Administrative Court on September 1, 1980 was the first announcement of the system transformation planned for the Polish Republic and democratic changes that were to affect the resumption of administrative proceedings institution by introducing an independent control of its application and interpretation. Due to the changes initiated in 1980 and continued in 1989, 1997, and 2002, the institution of resuming administrative proceedings was separated from political influence and totalitarian values in favor of a democratic state ruled by law

Reglamentacja dostępu do pasa drogowego a koszty przełożenia sieci na drogach publicznych

Traffic lanes, as one of the components of public property, are subject to special protection, which is expressed in the regulation of their use for purposes other than road management or road traffic. An example of this regulation is the need to obtain a permit to occupy a traffic lane, that is, to repeal the general prohibition in an individual case. However, an entity with the appropriate permit to occupy a traffic lane does not have full rights to this public asset, but only the so-called right to someone else’s thing. This has a number of practical consequences.Pas drogowy jako jeden ze składników majątku publicznego podlega szczególnej ochronie, która wyraża się w reglamentacji wykorzystywania go na cele inne niż potrzeby zarządzania drogą lub potrzeby ruchu drogowego. Wyrazem tej reglamentacji jest konieczność uzyskania zezwolenia na zajęcie pasa drogowego, a więc uchylenia generalnego zakazu w indywidualnym przypadku. Przy tym podmiot posiadający stosowne zezwolenie na zajęcie pasa drogowego nie ma pełni praw do tego składnika majątku publicznego, a jedynie tak zwane prawo na rzeczy cudzej. Wynika z tego wiele konsekwencji praktycznych

Racjonalny ustawodawca a konstrukcja prawna sprawy sądowoadministracyjnej

I accept that the statics of the administrative court case, i.e. the real subject of the proceeding (trial) of the administrative court, is the administrative case (in positive and negative terms). It constitutes an emanation of an objectively existing administrative-legal relationship, usually of a material nature, more specific in the form of a legal form of action. The boundaries of this legal relationship set the limits of the administrative case, which is the subject of a court case in the ad-ministrative court case.Przedmiotem rozpoznania w sprawie sądowoadministracyjnej (postępowaniu sądowoad-ministracyjnym) jest sprawa administracyjna. W konsekwencji można uznać, że granice podmiotowe i przedmiotowe sprawy administracyjnej, wyznaczone co do zasady ramami stosunku materialno-prawnego, wytyczają podmiotowe i przedmiotowe granice rozpoznania sprawy sądowoadministra-cyjnej

Wykonanie orzeczenia sądu administracyjnego stwierdzającego nieważność aktu prawa miejscowego

The constitutional right to the court is the right to effective legal protection. It may be exercised if the law provides for the legal measures to ensure enforceability of the judgments. Local law enacted by the local government authority constitutes the source of universally binding law. Polish administrative courts exercise the control over hierarchical compatibility of a local legal act with the higher-order acts. This control is of comprehensive character, as the administrative court is not bound by the objectives indicated in the complaint, nor by the legal basis presented by the complainant. If the complaint against an act of local law is accepted, the administrative court renders its judgment declaring this act invalid. Frequently, a local law act which is invalidated constitutes the legal basis for an administrative decision (tax decision) or an order. Therefore, the enforcement of the judgment of the administrative court declaring a local law act invalid relates to an individual act. The legislator indicated that such acts may be challenged in accordance with the procedure determined in the administrative proceedings or specific proceedings. The author formulates and justifies the thesis that the most appropriate procedure of the enforcement of the described court ruling in the case of a specific decision is the reopening of the administrative proceedings (tax proceedings)

Evaluation of polychlorinated biphenyl degradation through refuse from Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinula edodes and Agaricus bisporus production

White rot fungi (WRF) are known to have the ability to degrade organic pollutants with a structure similar to lignin. Because of this, the degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners no. 28, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180 by substrate before fruiting (substrate) and/or after fruiting (SMS) from cultivated mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinula edodes and Agaricus bisporus was examined. The experiment was carried out in four replications for each treatment using a mixture of substrate/SMS and sandy soil with PCBs at a concentration of each congener at 50 and 100 μg kg−1 soil DW. The results indicate that degradation was dependent on substrate/SMS addition, the concentration of PCBs and time of incubation. The efficiency of PCB degradation was generally reduced with the number of chlorine atoms in the structure of congeners: 28, 52, 101, 138, 153 or 180. In all combinations, degradation increased with incubation time. Degradation by SMS was lower in comparison to degradation by a substrate of the same mushroom. The degree of degradation of a single PCB after 12 weeks of incubation for A. bisporus ranged from 31.32 ± 1.52 to 83.91 ± 1.07%, while for P. ostreatus it was between 37.88 ± 2.54 and 78.29 ± 1.41%; for L. edodes it ranged from 17.38 ± 1.06 to 75.30 ± 1.46%. The best average degradation was confirmed for 20% SMS of A. bisporus at 50 μg kg−1 PCB

Trichoderma spp. – application and prospects for use in organic farming and industry

Fungi of the genus Trichoderma are a very large group of microorganisms that play a significant role in the environment. They use a variety of mechanisms to colonise various ecological niches. Several Trichoderma spp. positively affect plants by stimulating plant growth, and protecting plants from fungal and bacterial pathogens. They are used in biological plant protection as biofungicides as well as in bioremediation. Members of the genus Trichoderma are also utilised in various industry branches – mainly in the production of enzymes, antibiotics, and other metabolites, but also of biofuel. Moreover, the genus Trichoderma comprises edible and medicinal mushrooms, but also the pathogens of humans. Currently, Trichoderma has entered the genomic era and parts of genome sequences are publicly available. This is why, Trichoderma fungi have the potential to be used for human needs to an even greater extent than before. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to increase the efficiency and safety of the application of these fungi

Composition, nutritional value and medicinal properties of wild mushrooms

Grzyby dziko rosnące są powszechnie dostępne w Polsce. Mogą być cennym uzupełnieniem diety ze względu na zawartość łatwo przyswajalnych aminokwasów, minerałów, witamin i błonnika. Wiele gatunków zawiera również substancje biologicznie aktywne, mające zastosowanie w przeciwdziałaniu i leczeniu chorób cywilizacyjnych, w tym nowotworów i chorób serca. Związki czynne zawarte w owocnikach mają dolność obniżania poziomu cukru i cholesterolu we krwi oraz wykazują działanie przeciwzapalne, antybakteryjne, antywirusowe i antyoksydacyjne. Pewnym zagrożeniem, wynikającym ze spożycia grzybów, może być zawartość w owocnikach metali ciężkich, spowodowana ich wysoką bioakumulacją. Dlatego istotne jest, aby nie zbierać grzybów w miejscach skażonych oraz przestrzegać dopuszczalnych ilości ich jednorazowego spożycia. Z pewnymi ograniczeniami, dotyczącymi określonych grup ludności, grzyby mogą być rekomendowane jako żywność prozdrowotna.Wild mushrooms are widely available in Polish forests. They can be a valuable supplement to the diet because of the content of easily digestible amino acids, minerals, vitamins and fiber. Many species also contain biologically active substances, useful in the prevention and treatment of serious diseases, including cancer and heart diseases. Active compounds contained in the carpophores have the ability to lower blood sugar and blood cholesterol, and exhibit anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral and antioxidant properties. Some danger connected with the consumption of wild mushrooms, is the content of heavy metals in the carpophores, due to their high bioaccumulation. Therefore it is important not to collect mushrooms from polluted areas, and not to exceed the permitted amount of their consumption. Wild mushrooms can be recommended as a functional food with certain limitations relating to specific groups of population