Udział szlaku sygnałowego cAMP/PKA w hamującym wpływie melatoniny na wydzielanie oksytocyny i wazopresyny z układu podwzgórze–część nerwowa przysadki szczura

Introduction: Melatonin was found to inhibit forskolin-stimulated oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) release in vitro. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the contribution of the cyclic 3’,5’-adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) signalling pathway in melatonin-dependent inhibition of OT and VP secretion from the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial (H-NH) system in vitro. Material and methods: The H-NH explants were placed in 1 ml of normal Krebs-Ringer (nK-R) buffer and first preincubated for 30 min in control buffer or in the presence of PKA inhibitor, i.e. cAMPS-Rp or H-89. Next, they were incubated in nK-R buffer {fluid F1} and then in buffer as F1 enriched with melatonin (10–9 M or 10–7 M) and/or PKA activator, i.e. cAMP analogue (8-Br-cAMP), or their vehicles {fluid F2}. After 20 min of incubation in fluid F1 and then F2, the media were collected and frozen, to be assayed for OT and VP by the RIA. Results: 8-Br-cAMP increased OT and VP secretion when the H-NH explants were preincubated in control medium, while PKA inhibitors eliminated its stimulatory effect on OT and VP release. Melatonin (10–7 M) diminished basal OT and VP output from the H-NH system, and inhibited (at both concentrations studied) the cAMP analogue-stimulated release of both neurohormones under control conditions. The effect of melatonin on OT and VP release was completely blocked when cAMPS-Rp, but not H-89, was used to disrupt the cAMP/ /PKA pathway. Conclusions: Melatonin employs the cAMP/PKA signalling pathway to inhibit OT and VP secretion from the rat H-NH system; nonethe­less, other cAMP-mediated mechanisms are not excluded

Catecholaminergic connectivity to the inner ear, central auditory, and vocal motor circuitry in the plainfin midshipman fish porichthys notatus

Author Posting. © John Wiley & Sons, 2014. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of John Wiley & Sons for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Comparative Neurology 522 (2014): 2887-2927, doi:10.1002/cne.23596.Although the neuroanatomical distribution of catecholaminergic (CA) neurons has been well documented across all vertebrate classes, few studies have examined CA connectivity to physiologically and anatomically identified neural circuitry that controls behavior. The goal of this study was to characterize CA distribution in the brain and inner ear of the plainfin midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus) with particular emphasis on their relationship with anatomically labeled circuitry that both produces and encodes social acoustic signals in this species. Neurobiotin labeling of the main auditory end organ, the saccule, combined with tyrosine hydroxylase immunofluorescence (TH-ir) revealed a strong CA innervation of both the peripheral and central auditory system. Diencephalic TH-ir neurons in the periventricular posterior tuberculum, known to be dopaminergic, send ascending projections to the ventral telencephalon and prominent descending projections to vocal–acoustic integration sites, notably the hindbrain octavolateralis efferent nucleus, as well as onto the base of hair cells in the saccule via nerve VIII. Neurobiotin backfills of the vocal nerve in combination with TH-ir revealed CA terminals on all components of the vocal pattern generator, which appears to largely originate from local TH-ir neurons but may include input from diencephalic projections as well. This study provides strong neuroanatomical evidence that catecholamines are important modulators of both auditory and vocal circuitry and acoustic-driven social behavior in midshipman fish. This demonstration of TH-ir terminals in the main end organ of hearing in a nonmammalian vertebrate suggests a conserved and important anatomical and functional role for dopamine in normal audition.National Institutes of Health; Grant number: SC2DA034996 (to P.M.F.); Grant sponsor: The Professional Staff Congress/ The City University of New York (PSC-CUNY); Grant number: 65650-00 43 (to P.M.F.); Grant sponsor: Leonard and Claire Tow Travel Award (to P.M.F.); Grant sponsor: Whitman Investigator Faculty Research Fellowships from the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods, Hole, MA (where the study was partly conducted) (to P.M.F. and J.A.S.).2015-05-0

Intraspecies Variation in the Emergence of Hyperinfectious Bacterial Strains in Nature

Salmonella is a principal health concern because of its endemic prevalence in food and water supplies, the rise in incidence of multi-drug resistant strains, and the emergence of new strains associated with increased disease severity. Insights into pathogen emergence have come from animal-passage studies wherein virulence is often increased during infection. However, these studies did not address the prospect that a select subset of strains undergo a pronounced increase in virulence during the infective process- a prospect that has significant implications for human and animal health. Our findings indicate that the capacity to become hypervirulent (100-fold decreased LD50) was much more evident in certain S. enterica strains than others. Hyperinfectious salmonellae were among the most virulent of this species; restricted to certain serotypes; and more capable of killing vaccinated animals. Such strains exhibited rapid (and rapidly reversible) switching to a less-virulent state accompanied by more competitive growth ex vivo that may contribute to maintenance in nature. The hypervirulent phenotype was associated with increased microbial pathogenicity (colonization; cytotoxin production; cytocidal activity), coupled with an altered innate immune cytokine response within infected cells (IFN-β; IL-1β; IL-6; IL-10). Gene expression analysis revealed that hyperinfectious strains display altered transcription of genes within the PhoP/PhoQ, PhoR/PhoB and ArgR regulons, conferring changes in the expression of classical virulence functions (e.g., SPI-1; SPI-2 effectors) and those involved in cellular physiology/metabolism (nutrient/acid stress). As hyperinfectious strains pose a potential risk to human and animal health, efforts toward mitigation of these potential food-borne contaminants may avert negative public health impacts and industry-associated losses

Bivalves in surface deposits of the Southern Baltic

Maximum depth of occurrence and preferred substrata have been determined, and distribution maps prepared for four bivalve species of the S Baltic: Cerastoderma glaucum (Poiret) (30–35 m, sandy bottom), Macoma balthica (L.) (55–80 m, muddy bottom), Mya arenaria L. (30–35 m, sandy bottom) and Mytilus edulis L. (40–50 m, stony bottom); four bivalve communities have been distinguished and mapped

Morphology of tulip species and their cultivars

Doświadczenie wykonane w sezonie 1999/2000 w Poznaniu i Skierniewicach miało na celu opracowanie charakterystyki morfologicznej 21 gatunków i odmian botanicznych tulipanów w warunkach klimatycznych Polski. Oceniono cechy morfologiczne: długość pędu, długość listków okwiatu, liczbę liści, długość i szerokość najniższego liścia, barwę kwiatów i liści oraz współczynnik rozmnażania. Na ich podstawie określono możliwość wykorzystania na terenach zieleni. Ze względu na długą dekoracyjność i duży współczynnik rozmnażania można polecić dla terenów zieleni odmiany z grupy Kaufmanna: Golden Earrings, z grupy Fostera Juan i z grupy Greiga Red Riding Hood.The aim of the research was morphological estimation of 21 species and cultivars of tulip in the climatic conditions of Poland. The experimental was done in the 1999/2000 season in Poznań and Skierniewice. Morphological features: length of flower stem, length of perianth, length and width of leaves, number of leaves, flower and leaf colour and coefficient of propagation were recorded. On their bases the usefulness for different purposes was estimated. The best for landscaping were cultivars from the Kaufmanniana Group Golden Earrings, from the Fosteriana Group Juan, and from the Greigii Group Red Riding Hood

Rozmnazanie rozanecznikow zawsze zielonych przez sadzonki roznego rodzaju

Różaneczniki zawsze zielone R. ‘Album Novum’, R. ‘Cunningham’s White’, R. ‘Lee’s Dark Purple’, i R. ‘Nova Zembla’ rozmnożono przez sadzonki 7 rodzajów: I - typowe z wegetatywnym pąkiem wierzchołkowym; II - typowe z wyłamanym pąkiem wierzchołkowym; III - typowe z odciętym wierzchołkiem; IV wierzchołki odcięte od sadzonek III rodzaju, wraz z odcinkiem pędu długości około 2 cm, czyli krótkie sadzonki wierzchołkowe; V jednowęzłowe; VI - liściowe z pąkiem pachwinowym; VII - liściowe bez pąka pachwinowego. Po traktowaniu stymulatorem ukorzeniania (Ukorzeniacz AB) umieszczono je w szklarni, w podłożu złożonym z torfu wysokiego, perlitu i kory sosnowej (3:1:1), o temperaturze 21°C. Po 22 tygodniach oceniono ukorzenienie. Niezależnie od odmiany sadzonki IV rodzaju ukorzeniły się najlepiej (82%), a niezależnie od typu sadzonki R. ‘Cunningham’s White’ (97%). Największą liczbę pędów zaobserwowano na roślinach otrzymanych z III rodzaju sadzonek. Najdłuższe przyrosty pędów były w IV rodzaju.Evergreen rhododendrons: Rhododendron ‘Album Novum’, R. ‘Cunningham’s White’, R. ‘Lee’s Dark Purple’, and R. ‘Nova Zembla’ were propagated by cuttings of seven kind: I - typical cutting; II - typical cutting with a terminal bud removed; III - typical cutting with a top portion of the stem cut of; IV - short terminal cutting, i.e. top 1.5 cm long portion of the kind III cutting; V single node cutting; VI leaf cutting with an axillary bud; VII - leaf cutting without an axillary bud. After treated with Ukorzeniacz AB, they were planted in a medium composed of peat, perlite and pine bark (3:1:1 v:v:v) at 21°C. After 22 weeks, the rooting was evaluated. Independent of cultivar cutting of the IV kind rooted the best (82%), and independent of cutting type R. ‘Cunningham’s White’ rooted the best (97%). The greatest number of shoots were developed by plants obtained from III kind of cuttings. The longest increment of shoot were shown by the IV kind

Wzrost mlodych krzewow rozanecznikow rozmnozonych in vivo za pomoca sadzonek roznego typu oraz in vitro z eksplantantow merystematycznych

Doświadczenie wykonane w latach 1994-1996 miało na celu określenie jakości jednorocznych krzewów różaneczników rozmnożonych za pomocą sześciu typów sadzonek. Były to odmiany 'Cunningham's White', 'Album Novum', 'Lee's Dark Purple', 'Nova Zembla' i sadzonki: I. typowe pędowe, długości 8-15 cm z pięcioma-siedmioma liśćmi i z wegetatywnym pąkiem wierzchołkowym, II. typowe pędowe z wyłamanym wegetatywnym pąkiem wierzchołkowym, III. pędowe, długości 6,5-13,5 cm, uzyskane poprzez odcięcie wierzchołka długości 1-1,5 cm, z wegetatywnym pąkiem wierzchołkowym, IV. krótkie sadzonki wierzchołkowe, czyli odcinki pędu długości 1-1,5 cm z pąkiem wegetatywnym, odcięte od sadzonek typu III, V. jednowęzłowe, z 2,5 cm odcinkiem pędu, z jednym liściem i pąkiem pachwinowym, VI. liściowe z pąkiem pachwinowym, uzyskane poprzez odcięcie liści z pąkiem od pędu. Odmiany 'Album Novum', 'Lee's Dark Purple' i 'Nova Zembla' rozmnożono także z eksplantatów merystematycznych w kulturach in vitro. Wzrost jednorocznych roślin uzyskanych z wymienionych typów sadzonek oraz pochodzących z kultur in vitro uprawianych w pojemnikach w nieogrzewanym tunelu foliowym oceniono na podstawie wysokości i średnicy roślin oraz sumy długości pędów w przeliczeniu na jedną roślinę. Wzrost roślin w pierwszym roku uprawy był uzależniony od sposobu rozmnażania. Najlepszą jakość miały okazy otrzymane z sadzonek pędowych pierwszych trzech typów. Lepszą jakość miały krzewy odmian 'Lee's Dark Purple' i 'Cunningham's White' niż 'Album Novum' i 'Nova Zembla'.Rhododendrons 'Album Novum', 'Cunninghams White', 'Lee's Dark Purple' and 'Nova Zembla1 cultivars propagated by: I - typical cuttings, II - typical cuttings with a terminal bud removed, III - typical cuttings with a top part of stem cut off, IV - short terminal cuttings, V - single-node cuttings, VI - leaf cuttings with an axillary bud as well as the 'Album Novum', 'Lee's Dark Purple' and 'Nova Zembla' cultivars propagated in vitro, were planted in pots and transferred into foil tunnel. After one year the growth of plants was evaluated. The best quality was achieved by plants obtained from I, II and III types of cuttings. Better quality showed the plants of 'Cunninghams White', 'Lee's Dark Purple' than the plants of Album Novum' and 'Nova Zembla' cultivars