Trophological approach in the development of nutrition theories

This article presents a trophological approach to the development of nutrition. The evolution of human views on nutrition from antiquity to the present time, including issues of perfect nutrition, is considered. The main concepts of nutrition theories are formulated. The systematized reasoning is useful for new rationale for solutions of challenges related to optimization of nutrition. Within the scope of the development of nutrition theories, the problem of perfect food plays a special role. The article presents a modern vision of perfect nutrition. The designing of trophological nutrition algorithm is based on scientific approaches that both to justify the correct consumption of food products, and also define the most reasonable way of their production, storage, distribution and disposal of food waste. The implementation of the trophological approach in theories of nutrition is also reflected in the concept of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of healthy nutrition among the population. This topic is also relevant in light of the sharp increase of food allergies among the various groups of population, because people who suffer from food allergies must follow a special diet to prevent the risk of allergic reactions, which can be managed using a nutritional approach

Food allergen control at meat processing enterprise: scientific rationale and preliminary hazard analysis

From a public health point of view, the control of food allergens in enterprises is one of the main methods of food safety management required by national and international standards. The implementation results of measures for allergen control and identification of noncompliance are presented using the developed checklist, which includes 41 questions. The survey was conducted at meat processing plant in the Moscow region, which is certified for compliance with the requirements of ISO 22000:2018 “Food safety management systems — Requirements for any organization in the food chain” and FSSC22000 certification scheme. Compliance with the criteria included in the checklist was assessed by the method of interviewing employees at the enterprise and direct onsite observation. The highest level of noncompliance according to 7 groups of criteria established in the checklist was identified in the following sections; “Cleaning”, “Transport and storage” and “Hazard awareness”. Factors complicating the implementation of allergen control activities include available methods to assess cleaning effectiveness when removing specific allergens, experience in separating allergen-containing and allergen-free products and raw materials during transport and storage, and staff training in allergen control. At the same time, the PCR method was used to study 15 samples of meat products manufactured at the selected enterprise for the presence of legumes (soybeans), gluten, mustard, and peanuts. In six samples, undeclared allergens were detected in quantities hazardous to the health of the consumer. The results obtained indicated the need to develop and implement measures aimed at minimizing the risk of allergen transfer to the meat products during their production. Based on the results of the research, a procedure for allergen control has been developed, including additional measures for the control of food allergens

Allergenomics and analysis of causes of unintentional incorpo‑ ration of substances capable of causing IgE‑mediated food allergy into meat products

The article discusses the definition and mechanism of IgE‑mediated food allergy, provides an overview of the legal regulation of the production and labeling of allergen-containing food products. In order to prevent the inadvertent appearance of allergens in products during their production, an allergenomics procedure is required — a comprehensive assessment of the allergic potential of a food product: allergenicity of product ingredients, risk analysis, and the procedure for managing allergens in the production

Characteristics of interface corrugations in short-period GaAs/AlAs superlattices

GaAs/AlAs supelattices with corrugated interfaces have been investigated by the polarized photoluminescence method. Using the theoretical approach, which associates the linear polarization of exciton photoluminescence with the corrugation parameters, experimental results have been fitted to determine the height and lateral extension of corrugations.Методом поляризованої фотолюмінесценції досліджені надгратки GaAs/AlAs з коругованими гетеромережами. Співставляючи експериментальні результати з теоретичними розрахунками на основі моделі, яка пов'язує ступінь лінійної поляризації екситонної фотолюмінесценції з параметрами коругованостей, визначені висота та латеральна протяжність коругованостей.Методом поляризованной фотолюминесценции исследованы сверхрешетки GaAs/AlAs с корругированными гетерограницами. Путем сравнения експериментальных результатов с теоретическими расчетами, базирующимися на модели, которая связывает степень линейной поляризации экситонной фотолюминесценции з параметрами корругованностей, определены высота и латеральная протяженность корругованностей

Пищевые аллергены: пороговые значения и методологии управления рисками

Food allergies and allergen management are important problems of the public health and food industry. The idea of determining allergen concentrations in food ingredients and food products that are capable of causing severe allergic reactions is of great interest for regulatory bodies as well as consumer associations and the industry all over the world. In this connection, scientists proposed different approaches to determining the basis for assessment of severity of risks of food allergens for health of patients suffering from food allergy similar to methods of risk assessment for other hazards associated with food products (for example, chemical, microbiological). To assess risk of allergens, three different approaches were proposed: i) traditional risk assessment using the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL)) and uncertainty factors; (ii) approach based on the benchmark dose (BMD)) and margin of exposure (MoE)); and (iii) probability models. These approaches can be used in risk management in food production and in the development of warning marking about the presence of allergens. The reliability of risk assessment will depend on a type, quality and quantity of data used for determining both population threshold levels (or threshold distributions) and an impact of an allergenic product/ingredient on a particular individual.Пищевая аллергия и управление аллергенами — важные проблемы здравоохранения и пищевой промышленности. Идея определения концентраций аллергенов в пищевых ингредиентах и продуктах питания, способных вызывать тяжелые аллергические реакции, представляет большой интерес регулирующих органов, а также ассоциаций потребителей и промышленности по всему миру. В связи с этим учеными были предложены различные подходы к определению основы для оценки тяжести риска пищевых аллергенов для здоровья людей, страдающих пищевой аллергией, наподобие методов оценки риска других опасностей, связанных с пищевыми продуктами (например, химических, микробиологических). Для оценки риска аллергенов было предложено три различных подхода: (i) традиционная оценка риска с использованием уровня отсутствия наблюдаемых побочных эффектов (the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL)) и факторов неопределенности; (ii) подход, основанный на контрольной дозе (the Bench Mark Dose (BMD)) и марже воздействия (Margin of Exposure (MoE)); и (iii) вероятностные модели. Эти подходы могут использоваться в управлении рисками при производстве пищевой продукции, а также при разработке предупредительной маркировки о наличии аллергенов. Надежность оценок риска будет зависеть от типа, качества и количества данных, используемых для определения как популяционных пороговых значений (или пороговых распределений), так и воздействия аллергенного продукта/ингредиента на конкретного индивидуума

Characterization of ultrashort-period GaAsrAlAs superlattices by exciton photoluminescence

Abstract Ultrashort-period GaAsrAlAs superlattices of type-II were investigated by low-temperature photoluminescence spectroscopy. The photoluminescence spectra consisting of many lines were carefully analyzed to obtain energy position, full width at half maximum and relative intensity for each individual line. Influence of the energy band structure, layer thickness and interface disorder on the radiative electron-hole transitions in these structures is discussed.