Social experience modifies pheromone expression and mating behavior in male Drosophila melanogaster.

BACKGROUND: The social life of animals depends on communication between individuals. Recent studies in Drosophila melanogaster demonstrate that various behaviors are influenced by social interactions. For example, courtship is a social interaction mediated by pheromonal signaling that occurs more frequently during certain times of the day than others. In adult flies, sex pheromones are synthesized in cells called oenocytes and displayed on the surface of the cuticle. Although the role of Drosophila pheromones in sexual behavior is well established, little is known about the timing of these signals or how their regulation is influenced by the presence of other flies. RESULTS: We report that oenocytes contain functional circadian clocks that appear to regulate the synthesis of pheromones by controlling the transcription of desaturase1 (desat1), a gene required for production of male cuticular sex pheromones. Moreover, levels of these pheromones vary throughout the day in a pattern that depends on the clock genes and most likely also depends on the circadian control of desat1 in the oenocytes. To assess group dynamics, we manipulated the genotypic composition of social groups (single versus mixed genotypes). This manipulation significantly affects clock gene transcription both in the head and oenocytes, and it also affects the pattern of pheromonal accumulation on the cuticle. Remarkably, we found that flies in mixed social groups mate more frequently than do their counterparts in uniform groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that social context exerts a regulatory influence on the expression of chemical signals, while modulating sexual behavior in the fruit fly

Antibodies against Entamoeba histolytica in individuals with intestinal amoebiasis presenting cysts and/or trophozoites in the feces Anticorpos anti-Entamoeba histolylica em indivíduos com amebíase intestinal apresentando cistos e/ou trofozoitas nas fezes

Serum samples were obtained from 154 individuals infected with Entamoeba histolytica (78 symptomatic and 76 asymptomatic). Twelve had trophozoites in the feces whereas 142 had only cysts. The sera were used to test the existence of antibodies anti-Entamoeba histolytica employing the Indirect Hemagglutination (IHA), Indirect Immunofluoresccnce (IFAT), Complement Fixation Reaction (CFR) and Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). For those individuals with trophozoites in their feces, 75.0 were positive by IHA and IFAT, 83.0 by CFR and 41.7 by CIEP. In individuals who had only cysts, positive results by the same tests were respectively, 5.6%, 12.0%, 19.0% and 5.6%. The difference in relation to the tilers of antibodies detected through IHA, IFAT, CFR and CIEP and in relation to the presence of trophozoites or cysts in the feces was significative for four immunological reactions when X², was employed (P < 0.05).<br>Amostras de soros foram obtidas de 154 indivíduos comprovadamente parasitados pela Entamoeba histolytica (78 sintomáticos c 76 assintomáticos). Doze apresentavam trofozoitas nas fezes, enquanto 142 tinham apenas cistos. Os soros foram utilizados para testar a ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Entamoeba histolytica, empregando-se para tal, Reação de Hemaglutinação Indireta (HAI), Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI), Reação de Fixação de Complemento (RFC) e Contraimunoeletroforese (CIEP). Entre os soros dos indivíduos com trofozoitas em suas fezes, 75,0% foram positivos para HAI e RIFI, 83,3% por RFC, e 41,7% por CIEP. Nos indivíduos que tinham apenas cistos, resultados positivos pelos mesmos testes foram respectivamente, 5,6%; 12,0%; 19,0% c 5,6%. A diferença cm relação aos títulos de anticorpos detectados através de HAI, RIFI, RFC e CIEP e em relação à presença de trofozoitas ou cistos nas fezes foi significativa para as quatro reações imunológicas, quando X² foi empregado (P < 0,05)