"Square Root" of the Proca Equation: Spin-3/2 Field Equation

New equations describing particles with spin 3/2 are derived. The non-local equation with the unique mass can be considered as "square root" of the Proca equation in the same sense as the Dirac equation is related to the Klein-Gordon-Fock equation. The local equation describes spin 3/2 particles with three mass states. The equations considered involve fields with spin-3/2 and spin-1/2, i.e. multi-spin 1/2, 3/2. The projection operators extracting states with definite energy, spin, and spin projections are obtained. All independent solutions of the local equation are expressed through projection matrices. The first order relativistic wave equation in the 20-dimensional matrix form, the relativistically invariant bilinear form and the corresponding Lagrangian are given. Two parameters characterizing non-minimal electromagnetic interactions of fermions are introduced, and the quantum-mechanical Hamiltonian is found. It is proved that there is only causal propagation of waves in the approach considered.Comment: 17 pages, corrections in Eqs. (50), (51

Effective Lagrangian and Dynamical Symmetry Breaking in the SU(2)XU(1) NJL Model

Dynamical symmetry breaking and the formation of scalar condensates in the SU(2)XU(1) Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model with two coupling constants has been studied in the framework of the mean field approximation. The bosonization procedures of the model are performed using the functional integration method. The possibility of the spontaneous CP symmetry breaking in the model under consideration has been shown. The mass spectrum of the bound states of fermions, as well as the effective Lagrangian of interacting scalar and pseudoscalar mesons are obtained.Comment: 7 pages, LaTeX. Minor correction

A Reflection on the Use of Systemic Thinking in Software Development.

The research examines the value and potential usefulness of using systemic thinking, which looks at the interconnectedness of things, to comprehend the complexities of software development projects and the technical and human factors involved. It considers two different aspects of systemic thinking - psychological and sociological - and posits that these can assist in understanding how software teams function and attain their objectives, as well as the goals of the entities for which they work. Our research aims to provide a novel contribution to the field by investigating the use of systemic thinking in software development teams and organizations. We evaluate the reliability and validity of the survey applied to different groups of relevant participants, relate our findings to existing literature, and identify the most representative factors of systemic thinking. Despite the popularity of various factors that fall under the umbrella of ’systems thinking’, there is limited understanding of their effectiveness in improving organizational performance or productivity, particularly when it comes to psychological and sociological systemic factors. The relationship between the use of systems thinking and organizational performance is often based on anecdotal evidence, rather than the identification and application of specific factors. Our work emphasizes the importance of understanding and applying such factors in order to build a solid foundation for the effective use of system dynamics and systems thinking tools, which is crucial for software development teams

On First-Order Generalized Maxwell Equations

The generalized Maxwell equations including an additional scalar field are considered in the first-order formalism. The gauge invariance of the Lagrangian and equations is broken resulting the appearance of a scalar field. We find the canonical and symmetrical Belinfante energy-momentum tensors. It is shown that the traces of the energy-momentum tensors are not equal to zero and the dilatation symmetry is broken in the theory considered. The matrix Hamiltonian form of equations is obtained after the exclusion of the nondynamical components. The canonical quantization is performed and the propagator of the fields is found in the first-order formalism.Comment: 14 pages, corrections in Eq.(38),(39),(59

Charge Radii and Magnetic Polarizabilities of the Rho and K* Mesons in QCD String Theory

The effective action for light mesons in the external uniform static electromagnetic fields was obtained on the basis of QCD string theory. We imply that in the presence of light quarks the area law of the Wilson loop integral is valid. The approximation of the Nambu-Goto straight-line string is used to simplify the problem. The Coulomb-like short-range contribution which goes from one-gluon exchange is also neglected. We do not take into account spin-orbital and spin-spin interactions of quarks and observe the $\rho$ and $K^*$ mesons. The wave function of the meson ground state is the Airy function. Using the virial theorem we estimate the mean charge radii of mesons in terms of the string tension and the Airy function zero. On the basis of the perturbative theory, in the small external magnetic field we find the diamagnetic polarizabilities of $\rho$ and $K^*$ mesons: $\beta_\rho =-0.8\times 10^{-4} {fm}^3$, $\beta_{K^*}=-0.57\times 10^{-4} {fm}^3$Comment: 22 pages, no figures, in LaTeX 2.09, typos correcte

Особливості процесу фільтрації ліпосомальної емульсії для виготовлення очних крапель на основі пептидного комплексу

Liposomes are increasingly being studied and implemented as drug delivery systems in the form of eye drops. An important stage in the production of a liposomal preparation in the form of eye drops is the stage of sterilization filtration before filling the medicinal product into a container for final dosage. It is assumed that liposome components interact with the membrane and clog it due to their unique physicochemical properties. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the sterilization filtration of liposomes is needed to make appropriate decisions regarding the choice of filters for sterilization.Resistance and permeability values calculated from the Darcy equation are well suited for comparing different filter membranes or process parameters. Aim. To substantiate the choice of optimal brands of filter membranes and parameters of the liposomal emulsion filtration process for the production of eye drops based on a peptide complex. Materials and methods. The study object was a liposomal emulsion for the production of eye drops based on a peptide complex. A prepared liposomal emulsion of eye drops based on a peptide complex and membrane filters of various brands were used for filtration. Filtration tests were performed on a Zero-T scaling unit manufactured by Sartorius, Germany. For all measurements, the filtrate weight was controlled using a balance. Filtration experiments were evaluated using Zero-T 2.0 software from Sartorius Stedim Biotech, Germany. At the first stage, the recorded data of the results was saved to a file. Based on the data obtained using the Excel table processor, the filtration flow J°, the initial resistance of the membrane R°zag and the throughput Ṽ were calculated according to the calculated measurement time: the beginning of T10 % and the end of T80 %. Results and discussion. According to the results obtained, the optimal brands of sterilizing membranes were determined; it was shown that by increasing the pressure drop, the volumetric throughput was significantly improved by more than 18 times (from 0.7 to 4.1 bar), and in another experiment – by more than 10 times (from 0.3 to 2.1 bar). In addition, the benefit of using a higher pressure drop to filter liposomes through various sterilizing membranes was shown. Conclusions. The obtained values of the initial resistance of the membrane showed that the geometrical aspects and properties of the material of the Supor® (Pall) and Sartopore 2® (Sartorius) membrane brands have a lower ability to block the membrane during filtration and provide the filtration resource due to greater throughput. It has been also shown that the use of a higher pressure drop increases the productivity of the process.Ліпосоми все більше досліджують та впроваджують як системи доставляння ліків у формі очних крапель. Важливим етапом у виробництві ліпосомального препарату у формі очних крапель є процес стерилізаційної фільтрації перед наповненням лікарського засобу в контейнер для кінцевого дозування. Передбачають, що компоненти ліпосом взаємодіють з мембраною та закупорюють її через свої унікальні фізико-хімічні властивості. Отже, треба глибше розуміти стерилізаційну фільтрацію ліпосом, щоб ухвалити відповідні рішення щодо вибору фільтрів для стерилізації. Розраховані з рівняння Дарсі значення опору та пропускної здатності добре підходять для порівняння різних фільтрувальних мембран або параметрів процесу. Мета роботи – обґрунтувати вибір оптимальних марок фільтрувальних мембран та параметрів процесу фільтрації ліпосомальної емульсії для виготовлення очних крапель на основі пептидного комплексу. Матеріали та методи. Об’єктом дослідження була ліпосомальна емульсія для виготовлення очних крапель на основі пептидного комплексу. Для фільтрації використовували приготовану ліпосомальну емульсію очних крапель на основі пептидного комплексу та мембранні фільтри різних марок. Випробування фільтрації здійснюювали на приладі з масштабування Zero-T виробництва фірми Sartorius, Німеччина. Для всіх вимірювань вагу фільтрату контролювали за допомогою ваг. Оцінювали експерименти з фільтрації з використанням програмного забезпечення Zero-T 2.0 фірми Sartorius Stedim Biotech, Німеччина. На першому етапі записані дані результатів зберігали у файлі. За отриманими даними за допомогою табличного процесора Excel розрахували потік фільтрації J°, початковий опір мембрани R°заг і пропускну здатність Ṽ відповідно до визначеного часу вимірювання– початок T10 % та кінецьT80 %. Результати та їх обговорення. За отриманими результатами визначено оптимальні марки стерилізувальних мембран та з’ясовано, що шляхом збільшення перепаду тиску об’ємна пропускна здатність значно покращується – більш ніж у 18 разів (від 0,7 до 4,1 бар), а в іншому експерименті - більш ніж у 10 разів (від 0,3 до 2,1 бар). Крім того, виявлено користь використання більш високого перепаду тиску на фільтрацію ліпосом крізь різні стерилізувальні мембрани. Висновки. Отримані значення початкового опору мембрани засвідчили, що геометричні аспекти і властивості матеріалу марок мембран Supor® (Pall) та Sartopore 2® (Sartorius) мають меншу здатність до блокування мембрани під час фільтрації та забезпечення ресурсу фільтрації за рахунок більшої пропускної здатності. Такождоведено, що використання більш високого перепаду тиску збільшує продуктивність процесу

A Systemic Approach to Evaluating the Organizational Agility in Large-Scale Companies

This paper presents action research to analyze an approach for assessment of the alleged agile transformation. This approach was implemented at AK Bars Digital Technologies, an IT spin-off of one of the largest banks in Russia using the Scaled Agile Framework. The approach is based on the Goal-Question-Metric approach, non-invasive measurement collection, and systemic analysis. It uses data from several different sources, including interviews, code repositories, user ratings in the play stores, and templates for agile assessment. The effectiveness of the approach is subjectively validated by the adoption of the proposed recommendations by the banks’ senior management. Details are provided on the approach, the required effort from the side of both those assessing and of the people being assessed and the results. The final part of the paper is devoted to the discussion of its generalizability and the plan for future experimentation and refinement

Dark photovoltaic spatial solitons in a planar waveguide obtained by proton implantation in lithium niobate

Abstract. A photovoltaic dark spatial soliton is generated in a planar waveguide produced by the implantation of protons into a copper-doped lithium niobate crystal. Stationary soliton regimes are achieved at powers 90 and 30 lW at wavelengths 633 and 532 nm, respectively

Amplitudes With Different Helicity Configurations Of Noncommutative QED

The amplitudes of purely photonic and photon{2-fermion processes of non- commutative QED (NCQED) are derived for different helicity configurations of photons. The basic ingredient is the NCQED counterpart of Yang-Mills recursion relations by means of Berends and Giele. The explicit solutions of recursion relations for NCQED photonic processes with special helicity configurations are presented.Comment: 23 pages, 2 figure