The Unfamiliar as Object of an Empirical Science

The question of this paper follows an empirical study carried out from 2013 to 2015 in five EU countries. The paper looks for a method by which empirical statements can be comprehensibly generalized. The answer is given before a methodological-constructive background. Empirical statements about persons and events are an integral part of the concept. However these statements serve to form input hypotheses. In order to decide the hypotheses, the linguistic means must be provided. In Methodical Constructivism, the general occurs in language as the generality of a predicator. Predication is the place where the relationship between individual and universal can be developed. The concept is based on a process called "dialogical training of experience". With its help, characteristics can be assigned to persons methodically secured; the syntax and semantics of a science language can be provided as an interpreted formal language; and transitions from particular to empirical assertions can be established

Statistical Probability in the Social Sciences. An Analysis on Methodical-Constructive Basis

The article analyzes the probability concept of the empirical social sciences. Basis of the study is the Methodical Constructivism. In particular the author asks whether the calculation of the statistical probability can be justified. The answer is: If references to the objects of science – colloquially "to reality" – are to be produced in the empirical social sciences, then it cannot be justified to calculate the statistical probability on the model of the natural sciences. According to the model, the use of the probability concept is based on mathematisation. “Mathematisation” means: The calculation of the statistical probability is favored at the expense of its empirical relevance. The article recommends investigating in the future what consequences it has when empirical educational research sets the course for individual CVs and social designs based on meaningless statements

From Narrative to Definition. Methodical-Constructive Language Building and Violence Prevention

The paper is an answer to communication problems in a Grundtvig project, carried out as an EU study in five countries. The project aimed at producing new knowledge and at disseminating best practices from country to country to prevent violence against women. In this approach storytelling seeks women to diminish violence through communication on experienced violence. The article describes the development on how to create a strategical communication in which the participants can proceed from experienced violence to a definition of violence. The method is analytically outlined. Storytelling opens the possibility to transform singularities into general terms, so that strategies can be embarked.

Empirical Social Science Between Object Level and Representation Level

The question of this paper follows an empirical study carried out from 2019 to 2021. The paper looks for a method by which empirical statements about transsubjective argumentations can be answered in a syntactically correct and semantically interpreted scientific language. The answer is given by demarcating Methodological Constructivism against Logical Empirism. In Logical Empirism, only an analytical a priori is recognized. In Methodical Constructivism, the experiential a priori is addressed, which makes a transsubjective orientation possible in the first place. &nbsp

Comparison of the performances of absorption refrigeration cycles

This paper compares the performance of absorption refrigeration cycles that are used for refrigeration temperatures below 0°C. Since the most common vapor absorption refrigeration systems use ammonia-water solution with ammonia as the refrigerant and water as the absorbent, research has been devoted to improvement of the performance of ammonia-water absorption refrigeration systems in recent years. In this paper the performances of the ammonia-water and possible alternative cycles as ammonia-lithium nitrate, ammonia-sodium thiocyanate, monomethylamine-water, R22-DMEU, R32-DMEU, R124-DMEU, R152a-DMEU,R125-DMEU, R134a-DMEU, trifluoroethanol (TFE)-tetraethylenglycol dimethylether (TEGDME), methanol-TEGDME and R134a-DMAC are compared in respect of the coefficient of performance (COP) and circulation ratio (f). The highest COP and the lowest f, were found as a function of the generator, condenser, absorber and evaporating temperature

Flow-pressure analysis of loop gas networks

This paper proposes a mathematical model underlying a computer program for flow-pressure analysis of loop gas pipe networks. The method is used on a test case with four nodes. The HAPN application for flow-pressure analyses of low pressure gas pipe networks is completely designed in object-oriented programming technology. The equations, which describe the physical flow-pressure conditions through every cross point are assumed to be continuous and the energy of every closed loop of analyzed network conserved. The system of non-linear equations was linearized by LTM (Linear Theory Method). The algorithm for numerical module LTM and the method for solution of sparse matrix are developed at the Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Slovenia

Torrefaction – the process for biofuels production by using different biomasses

ArticleTorrefaction process is a mild pyrolysis, where biomass material is converted into solid fuel with higher heating value. The results of torrefaction at different temperatures in a range from 220 to 400 °C for three varied materials, oak wood, mixed wood and dehydrated, granulated sewage sludge are presented. The torrefaction process started with warm up stage, which took place for 30 minutes, after that sample was torrefied for 2 hours at constant temperature. The process continued with cool down stage. The energy demands were covered by electric power, while the flue gasses were not integrated in the process. The influence of the operating temperatures are analysed in order to determine optimal operation parameters to get the torrefied biomass with highest calorific value. Furthermore, the optimal operation time according to the largest increase in calorific value for each material is evaluated. The results of calorific value, mass drop and chemical compositions such as elemental analyses are also presented. Results show that heating values increase with raising temperature for both wood samples. The heating values for sewage sludge increases to approximately 320 °C, after that temperature are unchangeable. Torrefied oak wood samples were more fragile at higher temperatures in comparison to raw or torrefied oak wood samples at lower temperatures. At torrefied sewage sludge samples the changes in fragility are not detected due to pre-prepared granulates of sludge

The Use of Coercive Measures in Slovene Police for the Period 2008–2016

Namen prispevka: V prispevku proučujemo trend uporabe prisilnih sredstev v obdobju 2008–2016 na podlagi letno izdelanih poročil Generalne policijske uprave. Analizirali smo trende uporabe z vidika porasta ali padca števila uporab, kršiteljev in analizirali stanje oseb, zoper katere se prisilna sredstva uporabljajo. Namen je ugotoviti gibanje uporabe prisilnih sredstev policije v daljšem časovnem obdobju. Metode: Opravili smo analizo letnih poročil Generalne policijske uprave s področja uporab prisilnih sredstev. Analizirali smo letna poročila od leta 2008 do leta 2016 ter ugotavljali trende in zakonitosti. Ugotovitve: Rezultati kažejo, da je število uporab prisilnih sredstev v upadanju, da pada število kršiteljev, zoper katere so sredstva uporabljena. Policisti v vseh starostnih strukturah z leti uporabljajo manj prisilnih sredstev, razen policistov v starostni skupini 32–40 let, ki so v porastu, saj gre za najštevilčnejšo starostno strukturo. Omejitve/uporabnost raziskave Raziskava je bila opravljena na podlagi zbranih podatkov o vseh uporabah prisilnih sredstev v policiji v obdobju 2008–2016. Praktična uporabnost: Rezultati so uporabni pri spremljanju uporab prisilnih sredstev ter ukrepih za povečanje varnosti policistov in oseb v policijskem postopku. Izvirnost/pomembnost prispevka: V dosedanjem obdobju so bile opravljene analize za posamezno leto, ne pa tudi za daljše časovno obdobje.Purpose: In the paper we examine the trend of use of coercive measures by Slovene Police in the period from 2008 to 2016 on the basis of annual reports issued by the General Police Directorate. We have analysed the trends of use in terms of the increase or decline in the number of applications and the number of offenders. We have also analysed the condition of persons against whom coercive measures were used. The purpose is to determine the trend of police use of coercive measures over a longer period of time. Design/Methods/Approach: We analysed the annual reports of the General Police Directorate in the field of use of coercive measures. We have analysed the annual reports from 2008 to 2016 and assessed trends and legality. Findings: The results show that both the number of applications of coercive measures as well as the number of offenders against whom they are used are declining over the years. Police officers from all age groups use less and less coercive measures over the years, with the exception of those from the age group 32-40 years, since it is the most numerous age structure. Research Limitations / Implications: The research was conducted on the data collected by Slovene Police regarding all use of coercive measures in the 2008–2016 period. Practical Implications: The results are useful in predicting the trend of using coercive measures and in identifying ways to increase the safety of police officers and persons in police procedure. Originality/Value: Previous studies were conducted for separate years only, but not for a longer period of time

Hydrogeothermal cascade heat pump – Economic and ecologic appropriacy

The article considers economy of exploiting heat from low-temperature geothermal sources for high-temperature heating of buildings using a heat pump. For the exploitation of low-temperature geothermal sources, a two stage heat pump with a heat transmitter was planned. The pump consists of two single stage heat pumps which use different refrigerants at each stage. At stage one, the calculation of the heat pump is conducted with refrigerant R407c; at stage two of the heat pump, the refrigerant R600a is used. The main operational characteristics of a two stage heat pump are presented in the form of diagrams. For the exploitation of heat from geothermal water with a temperature of 45°C, a profitability evaluation of the investment in the heat pump was carried out, using the method of the net present value. In the research, also the coefficient of profitability and the period of time in which the investment is going to return itself were established