Степень и глубина наклепа поверхности отверстия при глубоком сверлении твердосплавными сверлами одностороннего резания

A comprehensive set of experimental and analytical methods has been used to characterise the sealing and fluid -transport properties of fine-grained (pelitic) sedimentary rocks under the pressure and temperature conditions of geological CO2 storage. The flow experiments were carried out on cylindrical sample plugs of 28.5 or 38 mm diameter and 10-20 mm length. The capillary sealing effici ncy of the lithotypes was determined by repetitive gas breakthrough experiments to test for reproducibility and to detect petrophysical changes of the rock samples resulting from CO2/water/rock interactions. These tests were performed with both, Helium and sc CO2 on the initially water-saturated sample plugs. Although molecular diffusion is not considered as an efficient leakage mechanism it represents a rate-determining step in mineral reactions and reactive transport. Therefore repetitive CO2 diffusion experiments were carried out on selected samples in the water-saturated state. These measurements provide information on the molecular mobility of CO2 and its hydrolysis products and on the physical and chemical storage capacity of the rock for these species. Before and after each experiment a steady -state fluid flow of water was established across the samples by applying high pressure gradients. This procedure ensured a defined state of saturation. Permeability coefficients derived from these tests were used to detect changes in the transport properties resulting from exposure to CO2. The fluid transport experiments were complemented by petrophysical (BET specific surface area, mercury porosimetry) and mineralogical analyses (X-ray diffraction; XRD ) of the original and post -experiment samples. The experiments revealed significant changes in the transport properties and the sealing efficiency of the samples. The gas breakthrough tests resulted in reduced capillary entry pressures and increased effective gas permeability as a result of repetitive exposure to CO2. Repeated diffusion tests revealed a faster diffusive transport in the second experiment. An increase in water permeability was consistently observed after both, capillary breakthrough tests and diffusi on experiments with CO2. The BET and mercury porosimetry results were not significantly affected by the CO2 treatment. XRD measurements before and after CO2 treatment revealed significant variations in the mineral compositions of the samples upon exposure to CO2. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Духовне життя українців-галичан часів ІІ Речі Посполитої

У статті висвітлюється суспільно-політичне становище в Західній Україні міжвоєнного періоду, дається оцінка тогочасним українським релігійним течіям, які проявлялися, з одно- го боку, у подальшому розмежуванні сил, а з іншого, – у їх консолідації на ґрунті духовності за допомогою Греко-католицької церкви. Протистояння полонізації та асиміляції викристалізовувало в менталітеті українців-галичан духовність, яка згуртовувала мільйонні селянські маси.The article analyses social and political life in Western Ukraine within the inter-war period. Ukrainian religious movements of the period are being evaluated. The author concludes that on the one hand those movements resulted in separation of forces, but on the other hand they caused consolidation of efforts on the basis of Greek Catholic religious principles. The opposition of expansion and assimilation have molded spiritual basis of the Galician Ukrainian mentality that have joined millions of rural citizens together

Key site abandonment steps in CO2 storage

The European Commission published a set of Guidance Documents to assist countries and stakeholders to implement the EU Directive 2009/31/EC on geological storage of CO2. The main objectives of the CO2CARE project are closely linked to the three high-level requirements of the Directive with regard to post-closure transfer of liability of a storage site to the relevant competent authority: (i) absence of any detectable leakage, (ii) conformity of actual behaviour of the injected CO2 with the modelled behaviour, and (iii) the storage site is evolving towards a situation of long-term stability. Guidelines for regulatory compliance and “Best Practice” for site abandonment are being established by distillation and integration of all research findings into site closure and abandonment protocols. The work is based on 9 key injection sites in Europe and worldwide

Transferring responsibility of CO22 storage sites to the competent authority following site closure

The requirements for pre-qualii’ying a site for C02 storage are well developed. Less attention bas been paid to rehearsing and preparing for the transfer of responsibility of the storage site from the operator to a govemmental authority following closure of the site at the end of the injection period. This is not surprising because the industry is in its infancy and most effort has been focussed on working towards the early stages of the various projects. A procedure for complying to the regulatory requirements for the transport of responsibility in the CCS Directive bas been proposed, which consists of a chart with Site Closure Milestones and a traffic light system for treating irregularities in observed behaviour of the storage site, and accompanying criteria. The procedure was successfully tested on the K12-B C02 injection pilot. Conclusions have been drawn on the basis of several dry runs for reporting the requirements for transfer of responsibility including feedback from operators and regulator

Investigation of interactions between surface water and petroleum-type pollutants

Background, Aims and Scope. In oil spill investigations, one of the most important steps is a proper choice of approaches that imply an investigation of samples taken from different sedimentary environments, samples of oil contaminants taken in different periods of time and samples taken at different distances from the oil spill. In all these cases, conclusion on the influence of the environment, microorganisms or migration on the oil contaminants' composition can be drawn from the comparison of chemical compositions of the investigated contaminants. However, in case of water contaminants, it is very important to define which part of organic matter has been analyzed. Namely, previous investigations showed that there were some differences in chemical composition of the same oil contaminant depending on the intensity of its contact with ground water. The aim of this work is to define more precisely the interactions between oil contaminant and water, i.e. the influence of the intensity of interaction between the oil contaminant and water on its chemical composition. The study was based on a comparison of four fractionated extracts of an oil pollutant, after they had been analyzed in details. Methods. Oil polluted surface water (wastewater canal, Pancevo, Serbia) was investigated. The study was based on a comparison of four extracts of an oil contaminant: extract I (decanted part), and extracts 2, 3 and 4 (extracted by shaking for 1 minute, 5 minutes and 24 hours, respectively). The fractionated extracts were saponified with a solution of KOH in methanol, and neutralized with 10% hydrochloric acid. The products were dissolved in a mixture of dichloromethane and hexane, and individually fractionated by column chromatography on alumina and silica gel (saturated hydrocarbon, aromatic, alcohol and fatty acid fractions). n-Alkanes and isoprenoid aliphatic alkanes, polycyclic alkanes of sterane and triterpane types, alcohols and fatty acids were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). delta(13)C(PDB) values of individual n-alkanes in the aliphatic fractions were determined using gas chromatography-isotope ratio monitoring-mass spectrometry (GC-irmMS). Results and discussion. Extracts 1 and 2 are characterized by uniform distribution of n-alkanes, whereas extract 3 is characterized by an even-numbered members dominating the odd-ones, and extract 4 showed a bimodal distribution. Extract I is characterized by the least negative delta(13)C(PDB) values of C-19-C-26 n-alkanes. Sterane and triterpane analysis confirmed that all extracts originated from the same oil contaminant. n-Fatty acids, C-19-C-24, in all extracts are very low, being somewhat higher in extract 4. Even-numbered n-alcohols, C-12-C-16, were identified in the highest concentration in extract 3. It was assumed that algae were responsible for the composition of extract 3. Furthermore, a possible reason for higher concentrations of C-19-C-26 n-alkanes and C-19-C-24 fatty acids in extract 4 is the formation of inclusion compounds with colloidal micelles formed between the oil contaminant's NSO-compounds and water. Conclusion. It was undoubtedly confirmed that there were specific differences in the compositions of the different extracts depending on the intensity of the interaction between the oil contaminant and the surface water. Recommendation and Outlook. When comparing the composition of oil contaminants from different water samples (regardless of the ultimate investigation goal) it is necessary to compare the extracts isolated under the same conditions, in other words, extracts that were in the same or very similar interaction with water. Recommendation and Outlook. When comparing the composition of oil contaminants from different water samples (regardless of the ultimate investigation goal) it is necessary to compare the extracts isolated under the same conditions, in other words, extracts that were in the same or very similar interaction with water