Temporal Regulation of Rapamycin on Memory CTL Programming by IL-12

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a master regulator of cell growth. Recent reports have defined its important role in memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) differentiation in infections and memory programming. We report that rapamycin regulated memory CTL programming by IL-12 to a similar level in a wide range of concentrations, and the enhanced memory CTLs by rapamycin were functional and provided similar protection against Listeria Monocytogenes challenge compared to the control. In addition, rapamycin-experienced CTLs went through substantially enhanced proliferation after transfer into recipients. Furthermore, the regulatory function of rapamycin on CD62L expression in memory CTLs was mainly contributed by the presence of rapamycin in the first 24-hr of stimulation in vitro, whereas the effective window of rapamycin on the size of memory CTLs was determined between 24 to 72 hrs. In conclusion, rapamycin regulates IL-12-driven programming of CTLs to a similar level in a wide range of concentrations, and regulates the phenotype and the size of memory CTLs in different temporal windows

Coats in foreign currency and in zlotys of application of pesticides in some important field crops

В статье рассматриваются розничные цены и стоимости покупки пестицидов для защиты растений на площади 1 гектара (в злотых и долларах или рублях) для следующих культур: озимая пшеница, яровой ячмень, картофели, озимый рапс, сахарная свекла. Цены препаратов в злотых и в валютах приводятся согласно данным предприятия „Органика Хемиколор” от июля 1985 г. (прейкуранты официальные от февраля 1985г. конвенциональные от мая и июля 1985 г.). Валютные цены исправляли в некоторых случаях на основании информаций Импортно-экспортного предприятия ЦЕХ . Препараты подбирались в соответствии с рекомендациями Института защиты растений в Познаки для борьбы с выбранными авторами важнейшими агрофагами этих культур. Для каждой культуры представлена сверх того максимальная и минимальная стоимость покупки препаратов для защиты растений на площади 1 гектара. Установлено, что эти стоимости сильно дифференцированы в зависимости от цены препарата, однако показывают постоянную повьппающуюпя тенденцию. Стоимость покупки препаратов не превышала, однако, 5-10% стоимости среднего (для Польши согласно статистическим анналам) урожая данной культуры.Retail prices and purchasing costs in złotys and in dollars or roubles of pesticides for plant protection on the area of 1 hectare of winter wheat, summer barley, potatoes, winter rape and sugar beets are discussed in the paper. The prices of preparations in złotys and foreign currency are quoted according to data of the „Organica Chemicolor” enterprise for July 1985 (official current prices of February 1985, conventional ones - of May and June 1985). The foreign currency prices were corrected in some cases basing on data of the „Ciech” Import-Export Centre. Particular preparations were selected in accordance with recommendations of the Institute of Plant Protection in Poznań concerning the control of selected by the authors most important agrophages of these crops. Moreover, the maximum and minimum purchasing cost of the preparations for the area of 1 hectare were determined for each crop. It has been found that these costs are strongly differentiated depending on the preparation price, showing, however a continuous growing tendency. The costs of preparations still did not exceed 5-10% of the value of mean yield of the given crop (according to statistical yearbooks)

Interferon-Dependent Engagement of Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4B via S6 Kinase (S6K)- and Ribosomal Protein S6K-Mediated Signals▿

Although the roles of Jak-Stat pathways in type I and II interferon (IFN)-dependent transcriptional regulation are well established, the precise mechanisms of mRNA translation for IFN-sensitive genes remain to be defined. We examined the effects of IFNs on the phosphorylation/activation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B (eIF4B). Our data show that eIF4B is phosphorylated on Ser422 during treatment of sensitive cells with alpha IFN (IFN-α) or IFN-γ. Such phosphorylation is regulated, in a cell type-specific manner, by either the p70 S6 kinase (S6K) or the p90 ribosomal protein S6K (RSK) and results in enhanced interaction of the protein with eIF3A (p170/eIF3A) and increased associated ATPase activity. Our data also demonstrate that IFN-inducible eIF4B activity and IFN-stimulated gene 15 protein (ISG15) or IFN-γ-inducible chemokine CXCL-10 protein expression are diminished in S6k1/S6k2 double-knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts. In addition, IFN-α-inducible ISG15 protein expression is blocked by eIF4B or eIF3A knockdown, establishing a requirement for these proteins in mRNA translation/protein expression by IFNs. Importantly, the generation of IFN-dependent growth inhibitory effects on primitive leukemic progenitors is dependent on activation of the S6K/eIF4B or RSK/eIF4B pathway. Taken together, our findings establish critical roles for S6K and RSK in the induction of IFN-dependent biological effects and define a key regulatory role for eIF4B as a common mediator and integrator of IFN-generated signals from these kinases