Analiza nekih travnjačkih asocijacija Stare planine

Production of organic, biologically valuable food is a trend in the World today, and in our country it can be successfully realized in production of meat and milk from small ruminants, sheep and goats in hilly-mountainous region. Namely, grasslands in these regions are well preserved from the utilization of mineral fertilizers and chemical preparations for plant protection, therefore production of healthy food is still possible with minimum investments. The quality of plant mass is very important, i.e. presence of high quality plant species in the grassland, as well as possibility for increase of their percentage in the grassland. For this purpose, research was carried out and plant associations most present on Stara Planina Mountain on altitude of 650 to 1200 m were analyzed from the aspect of phytocenology. On these locations recordings were made and samples were taken for analysis in the period 2002-2005 and in year 2008. Total of 8 associations were analyzed, and two of them Agrostietum vulgarae Z. Pavl. 1955. sensu lato. and Festucetum vallesiacae Borisavljević 1956. occurred repeatedly on several location and different time interval of analysis. Beside mentioned two associations the following were also analyzed: Arrhenatheretum elatioris Br.-Bl. 1925.senso lato, Festuco-Chrysopogonetum grylli Ranđ. 1977., Danthonietum calycinae Cinc. et Kojić 1958., Medicago falcata-Festucetum rubrae, Trifolio campestre- Agrostietum vulgaris i Festuco vallesiacae-Agrostieutum vulgaris Danon et Blaž.1978 on 17 locations. Number of species in analyzed associations was from 34 to 77. Beside number of plant species also their share categorized in categories of high qualiity grasses, high quality leguminous plants and useful species from other families, as well as harmful i.e. weed species. Main quality parameters were established in samples from all associations. Objective of analyses of natural grasslands was to establish share of high quality plant species, which is reflected directly through production and quality of plant mass grazed by small ruminants, sheep and goats.Proizvodnja organske, biološki vredne hrane je danas svetski trend, a koja se u našoj zemlji uspešno može ostvariti u proizvodnji mesa i mleka sitnih preživara, ovaca i koza u brdsko-planinskom području. Naime, travnjaci u ovim područjima su još uvek sačuvani od upotrebe mineralnih đubriva i hemijskih sredstava za zaštitu bilja pa je proizvodnja zdrave hrane još uvek moguća uz minimalna ulaganja. Zbog toga, izuzetno je značajan kvalitet biljne mase, odnosno zastupljenost kvalitetnih biljnih vrsta u travnjaku, kao i mogućnosti za povećanje njihovog procentualnog učešća u travnjaku. U tom cilju obavljena su istraživanja i analizirane, s aspekta fitocenologije, najrasprostranjenije biljne zajednice na Staroj planini na nadmorskoj visini od 650-1200 m. Na ovim lokalitetima snimci su pravljeni i uzimani uzorci za analizu 2002-2005 i 2008. godine. Analizirano je 8 asocijacija, s tim što su se dve asocijacije, Agrostietum vulgarae Z. Pavl. 1955. sensu lato. i Festucetum vallesiacae Borisavljević 1956. ponavljale kako na različitim lokalitetima tako i u vremenskom intervalu analiziranja. Pored ovih analizirane su i asocijacije: Arrhenatheretum elatioris Br.-Bl. 1925.senso lato, Festuco-Chrysopogonetum grylli Ranđ. 1977., Danthonietum calycinae Cinc. et Kojić 1958., Medicago falcata-Festucetum rubrae, Trifolio campestre-Agrostietum vulgaris i Festuco vallesiacae-Agrostieutum vulgaris Danon et Blaž. 1978. na 17 lokaliteta. Broj vrsta u analiziranim zajednicama je 34-77. Analizirano je pored brojnosti i pokrovnosti biljnih vrsta i njihovo učešće svrstanih u kategorije kvalitetnih trava, kvalitetnih leguminoza i korisnih vrsta drugih familija, kao i štetnih, odnosno korovskih vrsta. U uzorcima iz svih zajednica utvrđeni su osnovni parametri kvaliteta. Cilj ovih analiza prirodnih travnjaka je utvrđivanje učešća kvalitetnih vrsta biljaka, koje se direktno odražavaju kroz produkciju i kvalitet biljne mase koju ispasaju sitni preživari, koze i ovce

Nitrati u biljci i zemljištu nakon đubrenja travnoleguminoznih smeša

Nitrates are one of the most frequent utilized forms of N from soil. Through root they reach stem and leaf where in photosynthetic processes they convert into proteins. Due to exposure to stress situations, and excessive nitrogen fertilization, nitrate accumulation in plant tissues and organs occurs. Also, nitrates can accumulate in harmful concentrations in soil. Nitrates accumulated in plants have harmful effect on animals which consume plants since they cause various health disorders. In variance analysis in both investigation years it was established that fertilization as well as interaction of factors mixture/fertilization had very significant effect on investigated quality parameter, contrary to mixture as single factor. In both investigation years, treatments with 210 kgN ha-1 had the highest nitrate concentration. Content of nitrate nitrogen in soil is increased by fertilization. Objective of the research was to determine nitrate quantities which are accumulated in plants subsequent to n fertilization and growing in mixtures with other species, as well as to determine nitrate quantities which remain in the soil unutilized, which are potential causes of environment pollution.Nitrati su jedan od najčešće usvajanih oblika N iz zemljišta. Preko korena oni dospevaju do stabla i lista gde se fotosintetičkim procesima konvertuju u proteine. Usled izloženosti stresnim situacijama, kao i preteranim đubrenjem azotnim đubrivima, dolazi do nagomilavanja nitrata u tkivima i organima biljaka. Pored toga oni se mogu nakupljati u štetnim koncentracijama i u zemljištu. U biljkama nagomilani nitrati imaju štetnog uticaja na životinje, jer ishranom, izazivaju različite zdravstvene poremećaje. Analizom varijanse u obe godine ispitivanja utvrđeno je da su đubrenje kao i interakcija faktora smeša/đubrenje imali vrlo značajnog uticaja na ispitivani parametar kvaliteta, za razliku od smeše kao pojedinačnog faktora. U obe ispitivane godine tretmani sa 210 kgN ha-1 imali su najveću koncentraciju nitrata. Sadržaj nitratnog azota u zemljištu povećava se đubrenjem.Cilj istraživanja je da se utvrdi koje su to količine nitrata koje biljka akumulira nakon đubrenja N đubrivom i gajenjem u smeši sa drugim vrstama, kao i koje su to količine nitrata koje ostaju u zemljištu ne iskorišćenje, a koje mogu biti potencijalni zagađivači životne sredine

Patogeni semena i klijanaca lucerke i deteline i mere suzbijanja

Many species of fungi have been isolated from diseased seed and seedlings of alfalfa, considerably less from red clover, but only few of them have been confirmed as pathogenic for mentioned forage legumes. Individually or in complex most often alfalfa and red clover seed and shoot pathogens are species of genus Pythium (most often), Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia, Aphanomyces and Fusarium, and rarely bacteria (Corynebacterium insidiosum) or viruses (Alfalfa mosaic virus). Symptoms of disease are seed rot, reduced germination ability of seed, moist rot before and after seed germination, dwarfish growth and decay of shoots, root rot and hypocotyl. Pathogens are carried by seed or plant debries. In Serbia, over ten different species of fungi have been isolated from alfalfa and red clover seed the most frequent species are from genus and . Application of legislation measures for determination of health condition of crops and seed, seeding of healthy and treated seed with adequate fungicides, good agro economical practice and development of breeding programme in order to improve the small seed forage legumes towards economically significant pathogens represent complex of measures aiming to eradicate the causers of alfalfa and red clover diseases.Mnoge vrste gljiva su izolovane iz obolelog semena i klijanaca lucerke, znatno manje deteline, ali je samo za neke potvrđeno da su patogeni za ove krmne leguminoze. Pojedinačno ili u kompleksu, najčešći patogeni semena i klijanaca lucerke i deteline su vrste rodova Pythium, Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia, Aphanomyces i Fusarium a ređe bakterije (Corynebacterium insidiosum ) ili virusi (Virus mozaika lucerke). Simptomi bolesti ispoljavaju se u vidu truleži semena, smanjene klijavosti semena, vlažne truleži pre i posle klijanja semena, patuljavost i propadanje klijanaca, trulež korena i hipokotila. Patogeni se prenose semenom ili biljnim ostacima. U Srbiji je iz semena lucerke i deteline izolovano preko deset različitih vrsta gljiva, od kojih su najčešće vrste rodova Alternaria i Fusarium. Primena zakonskih merila za utvrđivanje zdravstvenog stanja useva i semena, setva zdravog i tretiranog semena odgovarajućim fungicidom, odgovarajuća agrotehnika i razvoj programa u cilju oplemenjivanja sitnozrnih krmnih leguminoza prema ekonomski značajnim patogenima, kompleks su mera koji se primenjuju u suzbijanju prouzrokovača bolesti lucerke i crvene deteline

Effects of bacterial seed inoculation on microbiological soil status and maize grain yield

Rhizosphere microorganisms are essential for plant growth and development. Many factors, including environmental conditions, genotype, seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and plant growth stages, influence rhizosphere microbiology. In this study, the dynamics of nitrogen and microbiological soil status at different growth stages of two maize hybrids, as well as their grain yield were analyzed, under the influence of seed inoculation with inoculant containing Azotobacter chroococum, Azotobacter vinelandii, Bacillus megaterium, and Bacillus licheniformis on during three experimental years. Higher nitrogen amount (NA), total number of microorganisms (TNM), number of azotobacters (NAZ), number of aminoheterotrophs (NAM), total number of sporogenic bacteria (NS), number of actinomycetes (NAC), number of oligotrophic (NO) and grain yield, as well as lower number of fungi (NF) were obtained under favorable environmental conditions. The hybrid NS 6010 had higher values of NA, TNM, NAZ, NAM, NO, and grain yield than hybrid Dijamant 6. What is more, higher NA, TNM, NAZ, NAM, NO, and grain yield were obtained under inoculation treatment, demonstrating that the microorganisms improve maize production and microbial abundance in the rhizosphere. The highest TNM, NAM, NF and NO were determined at stage 6-7 leaves, while the highest NA and NAC were at silking stage and NAZ at wax ripeness stage. Accordingly, hybrid choice and seed inoculation could serve as a good management practice for an increase in maize grain yield, and improved microbial population and nitrogen amount in the rhizosphere

Prisustvo toksigenih Fusarium vrsta i Fuzariotoksina deoksinivalenola i zearalenona u ozimoj pšenici

The frequency of fungi and mycotoxin concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) were studied in winter wheat grains harvested in 2009. The most frequently isolated species belonged to genera Alternaria (81.55%) and Fusarium (12%), followed by Rhizopus spp. (3.75%), Acremoniella spp. (1.15%) and other fungi (Acremonium spp., Arthrinium spp., Aspergillus spp., Bipolaris spp., Chaetomium spp., Nigrospora spp., Penicillium spp. and Ramichloridium spp.) isolated in less than 1%. The following species of the genus Fusarium were identified: F. graminearum (82.50%), F. sporotrichioides (5.42%), F. proliferatum (4.17%), F. subglutinans (4.17%), F. poae (1.66%), F. semitectum (1.25%), and F. verticillioides (0.83%). In 100% of wheat grain samples DON was detected (110-1200 μg kg-1, average 490 μg kg-1), while ZON was detected in 10% of samples and in the lower average of 70 μg kg-1 with the limit values ranging from 60 to 80 μg kg-1. Statistically significant positive correlations were established between the concentration of ZON with the frequency of F. graminearum (r = 0.63) or with the frequency of Fusarium spp. (r = 0.58). A negative insignificant correlation was determined between the DON level and the percentage of present Fusarium species.Učestalost gljiva i koncentracija mikotoksina deoksinivalenola (DON) i zearalenona (ZON) je proučavana u zrnu ozime pšenice požnjevenom 2009. godine. Najčešće izolovane vrste gljiva pripadale su rodovima Alternaria (81,55%) i Fusarium (12%), a zatim su sledili Rhizopus spp. (3,75%), Acremoniella spp. (1,15%) i druge gljive (Acremonium spp., Arthrinium spp., Aspergillus spp., Bipolaris spp., Chaetomium spp., Nigrospora spp., Penicillium spp. i Ramichloridium spp.) izolovane u manje od 1%. Unutar roda Fusarium identifikovane su sledeće vrste: F. graminearum (82,50%), F. sporotrichioides (5,42%), F. proliferatum (4,17%), F. subglutinans (4,17%), F. poae (1,66%), F. semitectum (1,25%) i F. verticillioides (0,83%). U 100% uzoraka zrna pšenice DON je bio detektovan u koncentracijama od 110 do 1200 μg kg-1, sa prosečnom koncentracijom od 490 μg kg-1. ZON je bio detektovan u 10% uzoraka u koncentracijama od 60 do 80 μg kg-1, sa prosečnom koncentracijom od 70 μg kg-1. Statistički značajna pozitivna korelacija utvrđena je između koncentracije ZON i frekvencije Fusarium spp. (r = 0.58) i frekvencije F. graminearum (r = 0.63). Negativna korelacija, statistički nesignifikanta, utvrđena je između nivoa DON-a i procentualne zastupljenosti Fusarium vrsta

Značaj toksigenih Fusarium vrsta u hrani za životinje

Numerous plant species, which are main components of various mixtures used in animal nutrition, can be contaminated by mycotoxins created by large number of pathogenic and toxigenic fungi (moulds). From the aspect of animal nutrition, most important are cereals and oil crops (in form of meals) because they constitute the highest share in preparation of animal food, and on the other hand, they are especially sensitive to toxigenic fungi and can contain mycotoxins above maximum allowed quantity. Contamination of plants or certain plant parts, of which the grain is of major importance, occurs in the field or during storage, as consequence of growth of toxigenic fungi. Numerous factors favour and contribute to growth of moulds, such as environment conditions, stress, sensitivity of genotype to fungi and insects, moisture content, etc. Species of the Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium genera, from the mycotoxicological aspect, are the most important pathogens isolated in livestock feed in Serbia. However, the most studied plant pathogenic fungi are Fusarium species, and there are several reasons for this. Firstly, each year, in higher or lower percentage, they cause diseases on maize, wheat, barley and other cereal species, which are major component of animal and human nutriiton. Secondly, they have cause in certain years mass incidence of mycotoxicosis in animals, esepcially in pigs. F. graminearum is the most important pathogenic species for wheat, barley and maize, F. poae for wheat and barley, whereas species from the section Liseola (F. verticillioides, F. subglutinans and F. proliferatum) are more significant for maize and sorghum. In addition to above mentioned, the presence of other Fusarium species was determined, although in small percentage, but very toxigenic and cannot be neglected as potential animal food contaminants. Considering the prevelance of certain toxigenic species in Serbia, three groups of mycotixins produced by Fusarium fungi species can be considered as the most important from the aspect of animal health. Within the group of trichothecenes, deoxynivalenol (DON) is associated with situations when pigs refuse to eat, whereas toxin T-2 can cause reproduction disorders in sows. Other group includes zearalenone (ZON) and its derivatives which cause estrogenism. Third group includes fumonisins which are associated with specific syndroms of toxicity such as equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) and porcine pulmonary oedema (PPE). Growth and presence of Fusarium species in grains and animal food, becuase of the production of mycotoxins, has been current topic in many researches world wide.Brojne biljne vrste, koje čine sastavni deo različitih smeša hrane za životinje, mogu biti kontaminirane mikotoksinima koje stvara veliki broj patogenih i toksigenih gljiva (plesni). Sa stanovišta ishrane životinja najznačajnija su žita i uljane kulture (u vidu brašna) jer čine najveći udeo prilikom pripreme hrane, a s druge strane, posebno su osetljive prema toksigenim gljivama i mogu da sadrže mikotoksine iznad maksimalne dozvoljene količine. Do kontaminacije biljaka ili pojedinih njenih delova, od kojih je zrno najznačajnije, dolazi u polju ili tokom skladištenja kao posledica razvoja toksigenih gljiva. Brojni su činioci koji pogoduju razvoju plesni, kao što su uslovi spoljašnje sredine, stres, osetljivost genotipa prema gljivama i insektima, sadržaj vlage i drugo. U Srbiji vrste iz rodova Fusarium, Aspergillus i Penicillium su sa mikotoksikološkog aspekta najznačajniji patogeni izolovani iz hrane za životinje. Međutim, među najproučavanijim biljnim patogenim gljivama su Fusarium vrste, i to iz više razloga. Prvo, one svake godine u većem ili manjem procentu prouzrokuju bolesti na kukuruzu, pšenici, ječmu i drugim vrstama žita, koje su glavne komponente hrane za ljude i životinje. Drugo, one su u nekim godinama prouzrokovale masovnu pojavu mikotoksikoza životinja, posebno svinja. F. graminearum je najznačajnija patogena vrsta za pšenicu, ječam i kukuruz, F. poae za pšenicu i ječam, dok su vrste iz sekcije Liseola (F. verticillioides, F. subglutinans i F. proliferatum) značajnije za kukuruz i sirak. Osim ovih, utvrđeno je prisustvo i drugih Fusarium vrsta, koje su, iako prisutne u malom procentu, veoma toksigene i ne mogu se zanemariti kao potencijalni kontaminatni hrane za životinje. S obzirom na rasprostranjenost pojedinih toksigenih vrsta gljiva u Srbiji, od posebne važnosti za zdravlje životinja mogu se razmatrati tri grupe mikotoksina koje proizvode Fusarium vrste gljiva. Unutar grupe trihotecena, deoksinivalenol (DON) je povezan sa odbijanjem hrane kod svinja, dok T-2 toksin može prouzrokovati poremećaje u reprodukciji kod krmača. Druga grupa obuhvata zearalenon (ZON) i njegove derivate koji prouzrokuju estrogenizam. Treća grupa uključuje fumonizine koji su povezani sa specifičnim sindromima toksičnosti kao što su leukoencefalomalacija i edem pluća. Razvoj i prisustvo Fusarium vrsta u žitima i hrani za životinje zbog produkcije mikotoksina, poslednjih godina je veoma aktuelna tema u brojnim istraživanjima širom sveta

Prisustvo potencijalno toksigenih gljiva u hrani za živinu

In Serbia, commercial feedstuffs are an important component in modern animal husbandry, but there is no information available about fungal contamination. Because of that the aim of this study was to determine the mycoflora incidence in poultry feeds. A total of 230 samples of poultry feeds were examined for total fungi count and the presence of potential toxigenic fungi genera. Total fungi count were 1-9 x 104 CFU g-1 in the most of investigated poultry feed samples (38.26%). The most prevalent fungi genera were Fusarium (56.09%) and Aspergillus (54.35%), followed by Rhizopus (40%), Penicillium (30.87%), Mucor (30.04%) and the least frequency species were from genus Alternaria (3.48%).U Srbiji komercijalna hrana za životinje je važna komponenta u savremenom stočarstvu, ali nema dostupnih informacija o kontaminiranosti ove hrane gljivama. Zbog toga cilj ovoga rada je bio određivanje sastava mikoflore u hrani za živinu. U ukupno 230 uzoraka hrane za živinu proučavani su ukupan broj gljiva i prisustvo potencijalno toksigenih rodova gljiva. U većini proučavanih uzoraka hrane za živinu (38.26%) ukupan broj gljiva bio je od 1-9 x 104 CFU g-1. Najzastupljeniji rodovi gljiva bili su Fusarium (56.09%) i Aspergillus (54.35%), zatim slede Rhizopus (40%), Penicillium (30.87%), Mucor (30.04%) a najmanje zastupljene vrste gljiva bile su iz roda Alternaria (3.48%)

Identifikacija i kvantifikacija gljiva u travno-leguminoznoj silaži

Objective of the research was to determine the presence, total count and species of fungi in samples of grass-leguminous silages depending on the botanical composition of mixture, nitrogen fertilization and crop utilization phase. Most of identified fungi species are of Fusarium genus (80-91%). In analyzed samples of silage total fungi count in average for three year period of research (2005-2007) was 2.31-3.09 log10 CFU g-1 and it varied depending on the investigated factors. Factor of type of mixture had significant effect on fungi count in first two investigation years, whereas nitrogen fertilization caused variations in fungi count in the first and third investigation year. Cutting in early utilization phases statistically significantly influenced total fungi count only in one investigation year (2006).Cilj istraživanja je bio da se odredi prisustvo, ukupan broj i vrste gljiva u uzorcima silaža travno-leguminoznih smeša u zavisnosti od botaničkog sastava smeše, đubrenja azotom i faze iskorišćavanja useva. Većinom su identifikovane vrste gljiva iz roda Fusarium (80-91%). U ispitivanim uzorcima silaže ukupan broj gljiva u proseku za trogodišnji period istraživanja (2005-2007) je bio od 2.31-3.09 log10 CFU g-1 i varirao je u zavisnosti od ispitivanih faktora. Faktor vrsta smeše je značajno uticao na broj gljiva u prve dve godine istraživanja, dok je đubrenje azotom prouzrokovalo variranja u broju gljiva u prvoj i trećoj godini istraživanja. Kosidba u ranijim fazama iskoršćivanja statistički značajno je uticala na ukupan broj gljiva samo u jednoj godini istraživanja (2006)

Fumonizin B1 u zrnu kukuruza, pšenice i ječma u Srbiji

A wide variety of commodities in the world have been analyzed for fumonisins contamination. However, they have mostly been reported in maize and maize-based foods and feeds. Just a few scientific researches were conducted to obtain results on natural contamination of wheat and barley with these mycotoxins. This survey was conducted to evaluate fumonisin B1 contamination in maize, wheat and barley grain in Serbia. A total of 203 maize, 180 wheat and 120 barley samples were obtained from different local warehouses between October 2007 and June 2009. Concentration of FB1 were analysed with the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Positive results were found in 70.7%, 60.6% and 34.1%, in the maize, wheat and barley samples, respectively. FB 1 concentration varied from 750 to 4900 μg kg-1, and the mean levels recorded were: 1225.7 kg-1 in maize; 852.7 μg kg-1 in wheat; and 768.2 μg kg-1 in barley. The mycotoxin contamination of cereals was affected by factors such as origin resistance, droughtstress, and insect damage and differed between the years of investigation The results obtained in this survey revealed that FB1 is frequent contaminant of cereal grains in Serbia. Considering that these products are consumed in large amounts either directly or as components of foods and feeds, the levels of contamination reported herein indicate a potential threat to animal and public health.Širok spektar proizvoda u svetu je analiziran na kontaminaciju fumonizinima. Međutim, prisustvo ovog mikotoksina uglavnom je zabeleženo u zrnu kukuruza i hrani na bazi kukuruza. Malo je istraživanja o prirodnoj kontaminaciji pšenice i ječma fumonizinima. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se ispita kontaminacija fumonizinom B1 zrna kukuruza, pšenice i ječma u Srbiji. Ukupan broj od 203 uzoraka zrna kukuruza, 180 uzoraka zrna pšenice i 120 uzoraka zrna ječma sakupljenih u različitim lokalitetima Srbije u periodu oktobar 2007. - jun 2009. godine. Koncentracija FB1 u zrnu žita je analizirana ELISA testom. FB1 je utvrđen u 72% uzoraka zrna kukuruza, 60,6% uzoraka zrna pšenice i 34,1% uzoraka zrna ječma. Koncentracija ovog mikotoksina je varirala od 750 do 4900 μg kg-1, sa srednjim vrednostima: 1225,7 kg-1 u kukuruzu; 852,7 μg kg-1 u pšenici; i 768,2 μg kg-1 u ječmu. Kontaminacija zrna sa FB1 je varirala u zavisnosti od mnogih faktora, kao što je otpornost biljke, stres suše, povrede od insekata i razlikovala se u ispitivanim godinama. Rezultati ovog istraživanja ukazali su da je FB1 značajan kontaminant zrna žita u Srbiji. S obzirom da se ovi proizvodi koriste u velikim količinama, bilo kao hrana za ljude, bilo kao hrana za životinje, utvrđeni stepen kontaminacije ukazuje na visok potencijalni rizik po javno zdravlje

Prisustvo toksigenih vrsta gljiva i mikotoksina u stočnoj hrani u Republici Srbiji

Climatic conditions and growing of grain on large areas in Republic of Serbia are suitable for development of numerous toxigenic species, such as Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp., and resulting from this is frequent incidence of animal feed contamination by their toxic products. In Republic of Serbia, the most frequent fungi determined in animal feed are those from Fusarium genus, as well as their mycotoxins. Of Fusarium species the most frequent one is F. graminearum, and of toxins zearalenon, in maize or wheat grains, which are the main raw material in production of animal feeds. Development of this fungi and bio-synthesis of zearalenon most often depend on period of rains in the third decade of May when wheat is in the blossoming phenostage or on ample precipitation and low temperatures at the end of summer or beginning of autumn during sensitive pheno-stage of maize growing. Aflatoxins are rarely isolated in Republic of Serbia, but there are conditions for their increased presence in imported feed components. Natural occurrence of ochratoxin A is more frequent than incidence of aflatoxins in climatic conditions of Republic of Serbia. Presence of mycotoxins produced by species of genera Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium indicates potential risk of incidence of mycotoxicosis, especially in younger animal categories. For the purpose of protection of health of animals, realization of profit and high productivity in livestock production, it is necessary to explain factors which can cause animal intoxication, and to identify toxins and develop methodology for assessment of the potential toxicity of animal feed.Klimatski uslovi i gajenje žita na velikim površinama u Republici Srbiji pogoduju razvoju brojnih toksigenih vrsta, kao što su Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp. i Penicillium spp., i kao rezultat toga je i česta kontaminacija hrane za životinje njihovim toksičnim produktima. U Republici Srbiji su u hrani za životinje najčešće utvrđene gljive iz roda Fusarium, kao i njihovi mikotoksini. Od Fusarium vrsta najčešća je F. graminearum, a od toksina zearalenon, bilo u zrnu kukuruza ili pšenice koje su najčešće sirovine za stočnu hranu. Razvoj ove gljive i biosinteza zearalenona najčešće zavise od kišnog perioda u trećoj dekadi maja kada je pšenica u fenofazi cvetanja ili od obilnih padavina i niskih temperatura pri kraju leta i početkom jeseni kada je osetljiva fenofaza kukuruza. Aflatoksini su retko izolovani u Republici Srbiji, ali postoje uslovi za veće prisustvo prilikom uvoza komponenti hrane za životinje. Prirodna pojava ohratoksina A je češća od pojave aflatoksina u klimatskim uslovima Srbije. Prisustvo mikotoksina koje produkuju vrste roda Fusarium, Aspergillus i Penicillium ukazuje na potencijalni rizik od pojave mikotoksikoza, posebno za mlađe kategorije životinja. U cilju zaštite zdravlja životinja, ostvarivanja dobiti i visoke produktivnosti u stočarskoj proizvodnji, postoji potreba da se objasne faktori koji mogu prouzrokovati intoksikaciju životinja, kao i da se toksini identifikuju i razvije metodologija za ocenu potencijalne toksičnosti hrane za životinje