Draft INFL Guideline on SIMS

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) is used for elemental and isotopic analysis of solid samples. The greatest strength of SIMS is the ability to analyze very small areas (as small as 50 nm using the CAMECA NanoSIMS, for example) and to generate high-spatial resolution maps of the distribution of elements and isotopes within the sample. The measurement of the isotopic composition of sample is usually straightforward, only requiring the analysis of the sample and that of an isotopic reference material for determination of the mass bias of the instrument. Quantification of elements, however, involves the analysis of matrix matched standards for the determination of the relative sensitivity factor (a function of both the element to be analyzed and the matrix). SIMS is commonly used in nuclear forensics for exploring the heterogeneity of the material on fine spatial scale

Determination of Optimum Conditions for Distinguishing the Pulse Height Distributions of Atomic and Polyatomic Ions

This work explored the use of pulse height distributions (PHD) from multiplier-type detectors as a means of detecting and eliminating the effects of polyatomic interferences in secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). We explored the behavior of PHD for {sup 235}U{sup +}, {sup 208}Pb{sup 27}Al{sup +} and {sup 207}Pb{sup 28}Si{sup +}, all with a nominal mass-to-charge ratio of 235. In every case, the distribution for the atomic ion ({sup 235}U{sup +}) was clearly shifted relative to the distributions for {sup 208}Pb{sup 27}Al{sup +} and {sup 207}Pb{sup 28}Si{sup +}. When the first surface of the detector is metallic in character, the polyatomic ions are shifted to larger pulse heights relative to the atomic ion. When the first surface of the detector is oxide in character, the atomic ion is shifted to larger pulse heights relative to the polyatomic ions. The relative positioning appear to be stable for a given detector over time at the same secondary ion impact energy. Consequently, it appears to be feasible to use PHD data to detect interfering polyatomic ions and eliminate their deleterious effects using peak deconvolution techniques. Consequently, the updated Ultrafast RAE detector will be designed to make the pulse height information available to the data acquisition system

U.S. and Russian Collaboration in the Area of Nuclear Forensics

Nuclear forensics has become increasingly important in the fight against illicit trafficking in nuclear and other radioactive materials. The illicit trafficking of nuclear materials is, of course, an international problem; nuclear materials may be mined and milled in one country, manufactured in a second country, diverted at a third location, and detected at a fourth. There have been a number of articles in public policy journals in the past year that call for greater interaction between the U. S. and the rest of the world on the topic of nuclear forensics. Some believe that such international cooperation would help provide a more certain capability to identify the source of the nuclear material used in a terrorist event. An improved international nuclear forensics capability would also be important as part of the IAEA verification toolkit, particularly linked to increased access provided by the additional protocol. A recent study has found that, although international progress has been made in securing weapons-usable HEU and Pu, the effort is still insufficient. They found that nuclear material, located in 40 countries, could be obtained by terrorists and criminals and used for a crude nuclear weapon. Through 2006, the IAEA Illicit Trafficking Database had recorded a total of 607 confirmed events involving illegal possession, theft, or loss of nuclear and other radioactive materials. Although it is difficult to predict the future course of such illicit trafficking, increasingly such activities are viewed as significant threats that merit the development of special capabilities. As early as April, 1996, nuclear forensics was recognized at the G-8 Summit in Moscow as an important element of an illicit nuclear trafficking program. Given international events over the past several years, the value and need for nuclear forensics seems greater than ever. Determining how and where legitimate control of nuclear material was lost and tracing the route of the material from diversion through interdiction are important goals for nuclear forensics and attribution. It is equally important to determine whether additional devices or materials that pose a threat to public safety are also available. Finding the answer to these questions depends on determining the source of the material and its method of production. Nuclear forensics analysis and interpretation provide essential insights into methods of production and sources of illicit radioactive materials. However, they are most powerful when combined with other sources of information, including intelligence and traditional detective work. The certainty of detection and punishment for those who remove nuclear materials from legitimate control provides the ultimate deterrent for such diversion and, ultimately, for the intended goal of such diversion, including nuclear terrorism or proliferation. Consequently, nuclear forensics is an integral part of 'nuclear deterrence' in the 21st century. Nuclear forensics will always be limited by the diagnostic information inherent in the interdicted material. Important markers for traditional forensics (fingerprints, stray material, etc.) can be eliminated or obscured, but many nuclear materials have inherent isotopic or chemical characteristics that serve as unequivocal markers of specific sources, production processes, or transit routes. The information needed for nuclear forensics goes beyond that collected for most commercial and international verification activities. Fortunately, the international nuclear engineering enterprise has a restricted number of conspicuous process steps that makes the interpretation process easier. Ultimately, though, it will always be difficult to distinguish between materials that reflect similar source or production histories, but are derived from disparate sites. Due to the significant capital costs of the equipment and the specialized expertise of the personnel, work in the field of nuclear forensics has been restricted so far to a handful of national and international laboratories. There are a limited number of specialists who have experience working with interdicted nuclear materials and affiliated evidence. Therefore, a knowledge management system that utilizes information resources relevant to nuclear forensic and attribution signatures, processes, origins, and pathways, allowing subject matter experts to access the right information in order to interpret forensics data and draw appropriate conclusions, is essential. In order to determine the origin, point of diversion of the nuclear material, and those responsible for the unauthorized transfer, close relationships are required between governments who maintain inventories and data of fissile or other radioactive materials. Numerous databases exist in many countries and organizations that could be valuable for the future development and application of nuclear forensics

Aplikasi Game Strategi Menggunakan Metode Algoritma Genetika Untuk Pembuatan Pasukan

One way that can be used to provide education in an interesting way is using game. A kind of game's genre that can be used to provide entertainment and educational to the player is a turn-based strategy game. As a turn-based strategy game, Battle of Batavia requires AI as opponent which can take good decision for making and controlling units to make the game become more attractive.To create AI that can think well, an AI system that can think properly in game is created. The system uses genetic algorithm method to take decision in making and controlling units. In this thesis, there are 2 component created for this thesis, the first is the genetic algorithm system and the second is Battle of Batavia game.The results show that the genetic algorithm system can be developed so the AI can think much better by determining fitness criteria that affect on taking decision in making and controlling units. The results also show that the genetic algorithm system can make a better decision than random method on some in-game conditions

Characterization of Nuclear Fuel using Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Various combinations of reactor type and fuel composition have been characterized using principle components analysis (PCA) of the concentrations of 9 U and Pu isotopes in the 10 fuel as a function of burnup. The use of PCA allows the reduction of the 9-dimensional data (isotopic concentrations) into a 3-dimensional approximation, giving a visual representation of the changes in nuclear fuel composition with burnup. Real-world variation in the concentrations of {sup 234}U and {sup 236}U in the fresh (unirradiated) fuel was accounted for. The effects of reprocessing were also simulated. The results suggest that, 15 even after reprocessing, Pu isotopes can be used to determine both the type of reactor and the initial fuel composition with good discrimination. Finally, partial least squares discriminant analysis (PSLDA) was investigated as a substitute for PCA. Our results suggest that PLSDA is a better tool for this application where separation between known classes is most important

Visual Novel Authoring Tool Berbasis Web

Visual Novel is an interactive fiction game comprised of static images, sounds, and video combined. However, almost all of visual novel available are only accessible after completing the installation process on the platform defined by the development of that visual novel. Besides, authoring tools specialized for visual novel making are mainly based on desktop. Through this development, the authors would like to provide a widely accessible application which is available over the web and delivering ease of use of visual novel authoring tool. Availability of playable visual novel is also included to be one advantage of playing visual novel hassle-free.The results obtained from this application, among others, can upload and manage files necessary to be used in the visual novel project as its resource, create a visual novel through the provided editor, publish created visual novel, and play all published visual novel

Pengaruh Pemberian Vitamin E Terhadap Kadar Neutrofil Setelah Latihan Fisik

Absract: Physical exercise can improve and maintain physical fitness. However, physical exercise can lead to oxidative stress that can reduce the activity of antioxidants. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that could free radicals in the body. Neutrophils play an active role in the process of phagocytosis of bacteria and other microorganisms the damaged tissue caused by tissue injury. This study was aimed to obtain the effect of vitamin E on neutrophil count after physical exercise. This was a field experimental study with a pre post test control group design. Data were analyzed with the Mann Whitney U (α = 0.05). The physical exercise was playing futsal for 60 minutes. Respondents were 30 male respondents divided into 2 groups: treatment and control groups. The levels of neutrophils were examined after physical exercise and after the administration of vitamin E 400 IU for seven days. Data analysis of the effect of vitamin E on neutrophil level after physical exercise showed a p value of 0.031. Conclusion: Vitamin E influenced the levels of neutrophils after physical exercise

Media Pembelajaran Global Warming

Computer based learning media is one of the media has an important role in learning. Learning media will be attractive when packaged through interactive media , such as interactive media created in paper manufacture " instructional media global warming" . The advantage gained is that it can increase knowledge, generally educate people to be more concerned about the environment , and also can be a means of entertainment. This application is focused to learn about global warming and packaged in the form of interesting and interactive . Ranging from simulations that show the cause of global warming , global warming impacts and solutions of global warming and there is a mini- game that is packaged in the form of adventure game to make it look attractive and there is a global warming materials that can add insight . This application is created using Adobe Flash Professional CS6 .Based on tests performed and result of the questionnaries to prove that the application and the simulation strongly supports the process of understanding the material.therefore user\u27s interest in learning is increased, coupled with the mini game will make this application even more appealing