Relationship between full-term natal sex ratios and pre-pregnancy BMI.

<p>Different capital letters indicate significant differences.</p

Relationships between gestational weight gains and sex ratios of fetal deaths.

<p>(A) Shows this relationship at 6 months (weeks 21–24), (B) at 7 months, (C) at 8 months, (D) at 9 months, and (E) at 10 months of gestational age. Each data point represents the average proportion of male births for a given weight gain calculated using data collected by the Center for Disease Control from 2003–2012. Alpha values were derived from binary logistic regression analyses.</p

The relationship between gestational weight gain and the proportion of male births.

<p>(A) This plot shows the proportion of male births for women of all races in relation to gestational weight gain. Each data point represents the average proportion of male births for a given weight gain calculated using data collected by the Center for Disease Control from 1990–2012. Also included are individual plots for individuals of American Indian (B), Asian (C), Black (D), and White (E) descent. Alpha values were derived from binary logistic regression analyses.</p

Numbers of fetal deaths that occurred at each week of gestation.

<p>Numbers of fetal deaths that occurred at each week of gestation.</p

Electronic supplementary material: Details of species included in the meta-analysis (Table S1), flow diagram of the inclusion process for published articles in the analysis (Fig. S1), a funnel plot testing for publishing bias (Fig. S2), and all associated references. from Evolutionary implications of interspecific variation in a maternal effect: a meta-analysis of yolk testosterone response to competition

Competition between conspecifics during the breeding season can result in behavioural and physiological programming of offspring via maternal effects. For birds, in which maternal effects are best studied, it has been claimed that exposure to increased competition causes greater deposition of testosterone into egg yolks, which creates faster growing, more aggressive offspring; such traits are thought to be beneficial for high-competition environments. Nevertheless, not all species show a positive relationship between competitive interactions and yolk testosterone, and an explanation for this interspecific variation is lacking. We here test if the magnitude and direction of maternal testosterone allocated to eggs in response to competition can be explained by life-history traits while accounting for phylogenetic relationships. We performed a meta-analysis relating effect size of yolk testosterone response to competition with species coloniality, nest type, parental effort and mating type. We found that effect size was moderated by coloniality and nest type; colonial species and those with open nests allocate less testosterone to eggs when in more competitive environments. Applying a life-history perspective helps contextualize studies showing little or negative responses of yolk testosterone to competition and improves our understanding of how variation in this maternal effect may have evolved

Maternal environment and DNA methylation patterns

Data collected in the field for 26 Eastern bluebird nests and the one randomly selected nestling from each of the 25 successfully hatched nests. Nest data include yolk testosterone, breeding density, clutch size, and brood size. Nestling data include sex, mass, growth rate, and methylation patterns

Becker et al data_PhilTransB

Site- (geography, livestock biomass, altitude, spatial coordinates) and individual-level data (demography, diet, immunity, infection) for vampire bats sampled for this study

Supplementary material from Livestock abundance predicts vampire bat demography, immune profiles and bacterial infection risk

S1. Site coordinates and livestock density; S2. Stable isotopes of bats and prey; S3. Multivariate analysis of immune function; S4. Livestock biomass and isotopic distance; S5. Sensitivity to holding tim