Na efikasnost H-klopki utječe izloženost suncu

In recent years, H-trap-type insect traps have been used to reduce horsefly densities. We investigated the impact of the factors affecting the efficacy of H-traps. Catching data of 15 H-traps were analyzed. The traps were deployed at an outdoor equestrian paddock (Sántos, Somogy county) from May to July 2018. In twelve weeks, the traps collected 10,556 horsefly specimens, dominated by Tabanus autumnalis and Haematopota italica. In the first experiment we found that the distribution of caught individuals was inhomogeneous among the samples. According to the amount of caught individuals, trap efficacy showed spatial and temporal inhomogeneity. In the second experiment, after the rearrangement of traps, we found that traps placed in open, sunny places in the centerline area caught significantly more horseflies than those in shady border regions. It can be concluded that the positioning of H-traps in sunny areas significantly enhances their tabanid-catching efficacy.Posljednjih godina za smanjivanje gustoće obada koriste se klopke H-tipa. Istraživali smo utjecaj različitih čimbenika na efikasnost H-klopki. U radu se analiziraju podaci o ulovu 15 H-klopki. Klopke su bile aktivirane unutar ograde za konje (Sántos, županija Somogy) od svibnja do srpnja 2018. u 12 tjedana klopke su prikupile 10.556 primjeraka obada, među kojima su dominirale vrste Tabanus autumnalis i Haematopota italica. U prvom pokusu utvrdili smo da je zastupljenost uhvaćenih vrsta među uzorcima nehomogena. Klopke su pokazivale prostornu i vremensku nehomogenost u odnosu na prikupljene primjerke. U drugom pokusu, nakon preraspodjele klopki, utvrdili smo da su klopke postavljene na otvorene sunčana mjesta na središnjoj liniji plohe uhvatile značajno više obada nego one u sjenovitim graničnim područjima. Može se zaključiti da smještanje H-klopki na sunčana mjesta znatno povećava njihovu efikasnost prikupljanja obada

The Progression of Vegetation Indices: a Short Overview

Vegetation indices computed from remote sensing data became key components of agricultural monitoring and assessment. With the help of these indices, the difference of vegetational and other land covers can be contrasted and many useful and applicable data can be gathered ranging from vegetation health to growth dynamics among others. In recent decades, starting from the first Landsat satellite, a huge number of VIs were developed in order to be able to effectively monitor vegetation – the reason for the immense number is due to the fact that every sensor, topographic, geographic, vegetative and atmospheric feature is different, and more so are their combinations. This is the reason why there is no unified spectral band mathematical formula. The aim of this short overview is to provide the reader insight of the main vegetation indices (VIs) that have been used in scientific literature and their development over the last 40 year

Mathematical analysis of drone flight path

In practice, the drone may not always be able to follow a pre-planned flight path. Therefore, producing orthophotos can be problematic. The drone's shooting positions can be read from the captured images, so the actual flight path is known. The recorded route data and camera properties can be used to calculate the photographed area. It is a prerequisite for making an orthophoto that the adjacent images overlap a certain percentage. Calculating the area of an overlapping rectangle is lengthy by specifying the coordinates of the intersecting sides. We have developed a simpler method for this. One of the two overlapping rectangles was fixed and examined to determine the curve of the center of the other rectangle such that the overlapping area was exactly equal to the required overlap. This curve has become a hyperbola arc. This makes the calculation simpler and can be traced back to comparing the lengths of two sections. The method was developed using GeoGebra software

Technical characteristics of global navigation satellite systems and their role in precision agriculture

Originally developed for military applications, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have become a part of our daily lives. It is also essential in modern agricultural production. For example, precision crop production and precision livestock farming work with a lot of position (stationary or dynamic) data provided by navigation systems. The first global navigation system was called Global Positioning System (GPS). Since then, a number of similar independent systems have been developed because of the fact that the service can be restricted or even disabled due to an event. Modern terrestrial navigation devices measure their position across multiple GNSS systems, thus increasing accuracy. In this article we will illustrate the general operational features with an example of the oldest navigation system, the NAVSTAR GPS of the USA. In addition, we present the main features of Galileo, the system set up by the European Union, which is expected to be fully operational in 2020. We present the market situation for GNSS systems and illustrate its use through some precision farming applications. We conducted in-depth interviews to learn about farmers’ knowledge and motivations about GNSS technology and precision farming. All those who are not yet or only partially precision farmers want to switch to full precision farming in the long run. Respondents have all heard of Galileo, but their knowledge is partial. Users are waiting for Galileo to be fully operational

En bloc release of MVB-like small extracellular vesicle clusters by colorectal carcinoma cells

Small extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane enclosed structures that are usually released from cells upon exocytosis of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) as a collection of separate, free EVs. In this study, we analysed paraffin embedded sections of archived human colorectal cancer samples. We studied 3D reconstructions of confocal microscopic images complemented by HyVolution and STED imaging. Unexpectedly, we found evidence that large, MVB-like aggregates of ALIX/CD63 positive EV clusters were released en bloc by migrating tumour cells. These structures were often captured with partial or complete extra-cytoplasmic localization at the interface of the plasma membrane of the tumour cell and the stroma. Their diameter ranged between 0.62 and 1.94 μm (mean±S.D.: 1.17 ± 0.34 μm). High-resolution 3D reconstruction showed that these extracellular MVB-like EV clusters were composed of distinguishable internal particles of small EV size (mean±S.D.: 128.96 ± 16.73 nm). In vitro, HT29 colorectal cancer cells also showed the release of similar structures as confirmed by immunohistochemistry and immune electron microscopy. Our results provide evidence for an en bloc transmission of MVB-like EV clusters through the plasma membrane. Immunofluorescent-based detection of the MVB like small EV clusters in archived pathological samples may represent a novel and unique opportunity which enables analysis of EV release in situ in human tissues