Bacterial Biomarkers in the gut of Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Metagenomic analysis- Review article

Microbiota within the intestines and the host interact with each other and there by affect the host’s health status, which in turn affects the structure of gut microbiota. With advances in metagenomics, metabolomics and bioinformatics, as well as traditional culturing, the causality and association between gut microbiota of the Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis of gut have been well studied. Our aim was to systematically review the literature on the Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) gut microbiome and its usefulness to provide microbiome-based biomarkers. A review of the online bibliographic database PubMed was carried out. The IBD intestinal microbiome was often characterized by decreased species richness and diversity, as well as decreased temporal stability, whereas alterations in the gut microbiome appeared to play a critical role in determining the start of IBD. Several studies have found that various microbial taxa, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea, are enriched or reduced in IBD. The decrease in helpful bacteria and the increase in harmful bacteria are the two key traits in this sense. There were also significant differences between remission and relapse IBD status. Changes in the composition and abundance of the gut microbial community have proven to be useful as diagnostic indicators. The gut microbiota is important in IBD. A deeper understanding of the human gut microbiota could lead to novel targets for illness diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and possibly cur

The Gut Microbiota in Ulcerative Colitis-Mini review

Microbiota in the intestines and the host interact with each other, affecting the host's health and, in turn, the arrangement of gut microbiota. The two important characteristics in this regard are a decrease in beneficial bacteria and an increase in harmful bacteria. In the normal health state, these life forms ‎are in a symbiotic relationship with the host where they can provide some biological functions ‎not executed by the host. Vitamin K biosynthesis is a well-known example of this. On the other ‎hand, in a disease state, these microbiota communities become disturbed where beneficial ‎members are lost in favour of some pathological forms which may increase the pathological ‎process.. Changes in the makeup and quantity of the gut microbiome have been shown to be valuable as diagnostic markers. The gut microbiota plays an essential role in Ulcerative collitis. In this ‎review, we reviewed some of these microbiota changes in different gastrointestinal diseases

Bactericidal and Smear Layer Removal Efficacy of Herbal Alternatives Against Enterococcus Faecalis Dentinal Biofilm – An ex-vivo Study

Objective: To assess the antibacterial and smear layer removal ability of Trigonella foenum, Syzygium cumini, Terminalia chebula seed extracts against E. faecalis dentinal biofilm. Material and Methods: Agar well diffusion, micro broth dilution assay and time-kill curve assay were performed to determine the antibacterial activity. The ability of the herbal extracts to remove the smear layer on the root canal surface was assessed by scanning electron microscopy. Results: Antibacterial activity was observed for the extracts of S. cumini and T. chebula on E. faecalis dentinal biofilm and its planktonic counterparts. The smear layer was efficiently removed by the seed extracts of T. chebula alone. Seed extracts of T. foenum neither possessed antibacterial effect nor smear layer removal ability. Conclusion: The extracts of T. chebula seeds may replace conventional irrigant due to its antibacterial properties and smear layer removing the ability. The extracts of  S. cumini may be used as an intracanal medicament as it exhibited a bactericidal effect against the E. faecalis dentinal biofilm following 18 hours of incubation

Detection of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin and fimbria-associated protein gene genotypes among periodontitis patients and healthy controls: A case–control study

Background: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has been reported in higher proportions in subgingival microbiota of individuals with aggressive periodontitis (AgP) compared with those with chronic periodontitis (ChP) and healthy controls. The major virulence factors are the ones that help in colonization and evasion of host's defenses. Hence, this study was aimed to assess the prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans 16S rRNA and its virulent genotypes (leukotoxin [lktA] and fimbria-associated protein [fap]). Materials and Methods: In this case– control study We performed periodontal examination and measured probing depth and clinical attachment level (CAL). Subgingival plaque samples from 200 (ChP: n = 128 and AgP: n = 72) periodontitis patients and 200 healthy controls were screened for the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans 16S rRNA, lktA, and fap genotypes by polymerase chain reaction. The prevalence of genotypes between periodontitis patients and healthy controls was compared with Pearson's Chi-square test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Mean pocket probing depth and CAL were high as compared to the healthy controls. The prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans in ChP (n = 128), AgP (n = 72), and healthy individuals (n = 200) was 32.0%, 61.1%, and 2.5%, respectively. A. actinomycetemcomitans lktA genotype prevalence was 71.8% among periodontitis patients, while A. actinomycetemcomitans fap genotype showed 31.8% prevalence. The prevalence of these genotypes was insignificant in healthy controls. Conclusion: The high odds ratio for A. actinomycetemcomitans prevalence suggests its strong link to periodontitis. Detection of A. actinomycetemcomitans lktA + genotype may be a useful marker for AgP as its prevalence was found to be high in AgP

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Detection of putative periodontopathic bacteria in type 1 diabetic and healthy children: A comparative study

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare and assess the risk of periodontitis due to the presence of four putative periodontopathic bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) in type 1 diabetic and healthy children. Materials and Methods: Fifty type 1 diabetic and 50 healthy children in the age group of 7-14 years were recruited for the study. Subgingival plaque samples collected from permanent first molars were subjected to polymerase chain reaction assay to detect 16S rRNA gene of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, T. denticola and A. actinomycetemcomitans. The data were analyzed using Fisher exact test. The P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of subgingival periodontal pathogens in diabetic and healthy children was 2% and 4% for P. gingivalis, 34% and 34% for T. denticola, 20% and 18% for A. actinomycetemcomitans and for T. forsythia, 4% and 34%, respectively. Significant statistical difference was not observed with regard to the prevalence of P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and A. actinomycetemcomitans among type 1 diabetic and healthy children (P = 1.00). Conversely, T. forsythia was less prevalent in diabetic children compared to healthy children. Conclusion: Statistical significance was not observed for the prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria in type 1 diabetic subjects. The results of the present study thus reveal the absence of risk of periodontitis by these bacterial species in type 1 diabetic subjects