Detection of selfish manipulation of carrier sensing in 802.11 networks

Recently, tuning the clear channel assessment (CCA) threshold in conjunction with power control has been considered for improving the performance of WLANs. However, we show that, CCA tuning can be exploited by selfish nodes to obtain an unfair share of the available bandwidth. Specifically, a selfish entity can manipulate the CCA threshold to ignore ongoing transmissions; this increases the probability of accessing the medium and provides the entity a higher, unfair share of the bandwidth. We experiment on our 802.11 testbed to characterize the effects of CCA tuning on both isolated links and in 802.11 WLAN configurations. We focus on AP-client(s) configurations, proposing a novel approach to detect this misbehavior. A misbehaving client is unlikely to recognize low power receptions as legitimate packets; by intelligently sending low power probe messages, an AP can efficiently detect a misbehaving node. Our key contributions are: 1) We are the first to quantify the impact of selfish CCA tuning via extensive experimentation on various 802.11 configurations. 2) We propose a lightweight scheme for detecting selfish nodes that inappropriately increase their CCAs. 3) We extensively evaluate our system on our testbed; its accuracy is 95 percent while the false positive rate is less than 5 percent. © 2012 IEEE

Optimization of Reaction Conditions for High Yield Synthesis of Carbon Nanotube Bundles by Low-Temperature Solvothermal Process and Study of their H2 Storage Capacity

Synthesis of Carbon Nanotube bundles has been achieved by simple and economical solvothermal procedure at very low temperature of 180°C. The product yield obtained was about 70-75. The optimization of reaction conditions for an efficient synthesis of CNTs has been presented. The CNTs are obtained by reduction of hexachlorobenzene in the presence of Na/Ni in cyclohexane. The X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectral studies have inferred us the graphene structure of the products. The CNTs formed as the bundles were viewed on scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and high-resolution transmission electron microscope. These are the multiwalled CNTs with outer diameter of 5-10 nm, the inner diameter 2-4 nm and cross sectional diameter up to 5 nm. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) based N2 gas adsorption studies have been made to obtain BET surface area and H2 storage capacity. Effect of the experimental variables such as reaction temperature, amount of catalyst and the amount of carbon source were investigated. It is found that they affect significantly on the product nature and yield

TiO2- and BaTiO3-Assisted Photocatalytic Degradation of Selected Chloroorganic Compounds in Aqueous Medium: Correlation of Reactivity/Orientation Effects of Substituent Groups of the Pollutant Molecule on the Degradation Rate

Investigation of the photocatalytic activity of BaTiO3, a perovskite wideband gap semiconductor has been done in comparison with a widely used photocatalyst TiO2 for the degradation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), 4-chloroaniline (4-CA), 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene (3,4-DCNB), and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP). BaTiO3/TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by gel-to-crystalline conversion method. BaTiO3 has exhibited better catalytic efficiency and process efficiency compared with TiO2 in most of the cases. The present research focuses mainly on two aspects: first the photocatalytic activity of BaTiO3, as there are very few reports in the literature, and second the reactivity/orientation effects of substituent groups of the pollutant molecules on the degradation rate. The above chloroorganic compounds have at least one chlorine substituent in common, along with other functional groups such as −OH, −NH2, and −NO2. Furthermore, the effect of electron acceptors and pH on the rate of degradation is presented. The reactions follow first-order kinetics. The degradation reaction was followed by UV−vis, IR, and GC-MS spectroscopic techniques. On the basis of the identification of the intermediates, a probable degradation reaction mechanism has been proposed for each compoun

A Stochastic Description for Extremal Dynamics

We show that extremal dynamics is very well modelled by the "Linear Fractional Stable Motion" (LFSM), a stochastic process entirely defined by two exponents that take into account spatio-temporal correlations in the distribution of active sites. We demonstrate this numerically and analytically using well-known properties of the LFSM. Further, we use this correspondence to write an exact expressions for an n-point correlation function as well as an equation of fractional order for interface growth in extremal dynamics.Comment: 4 pages LaTex, 3 figures .ep

Is there regime behavior in monsoon convection in the late 20th century?

Mixture model techniques are applied to a daily index of monsoon convection from ERA‐40 reanalysis to show regime behavior. The result is the existence of two significant regimes showing preferred locations of convection within the Asia/Western‐North Pacific domain, with some resemblance to active‐break events over India. Simple trend analysis over 1958–2001 shows that the first regime has become less frequent while the second becomes much more dominant. Both undergo a change in structure contributing to the total OLR trend over the ERA‐40 period. Stratifying the data according to a large‐scale dynamical index of monsoon interannual variability, we show the regime occurrence to be strongly perturbed by the seasonal condition, in agreement with conceptual ideas. This technique could be used to further examine predictability issues relating the seasonal mean and intraseasonal monsoon variability or to explore changes in monsoon behavior in centennial‐scale model integrations

Oxidation of total organic content in lake water samples: a case study

The oxidn. of total org. content (TOC) present in the two selected Bangalore city lake (Medahalli and Ulsoor lakes) water samples at two different seasons of the year 2010 using photocatalyst TiO2 as been studied. The different forms of TiO2 such as anatase, rutile and mixed form (Degussa P25) are used for the study. The mixed form (mixt. of anatase and rutile) has given better results in photooxidn. than the individual TiO2 forms. The oxidn. of these pollutants present in the wastewater will be oxidized by photo​/ photocatalysis and the extent of contamination and oxidn. are measured by COD and BOD tests. The photooxidn. studies were made under natural sun light illumination. The efficiency and the rate consts. for the oxidn. of TOC are calcd. and presented. The TOC oxidn. reactions are found to follow first order kinetics. The rate consts. for photocatalytic oxidn. of TOC of the Medahalli lake samples of June and Dec. months are 0.333 and 0.49 (× 10-​4 s-​1) and for Ulsoor lake samples are 0.52 and 0.666 (× 10-​4 s-​1) resp

Evolution of an N-level system via automated vectorization of the Liouville equations and application to optically controlled polarization rotation

The Liouville equation governing the evolution of the density matrix for an atomic/molecular system is expressed in terms of a commutator between the density matrix and the Hamiltonian, along with terms that account for decay and redistribution. For finding solutions of this equation, it is convenient first to reformulate the Liouville equation by defining a vector corresponding to the elements of the density operator, and determining the corresponding time-evolution matrix. For a system of N energy levels, the size of the evolution matrix is N2xN2. When N is very large, evaluating the elements of these matrices becomes very cumbersome. We describe a novel algorithm that can produce the evolution matrix in an automated fashion for an arbitrary value of N. As a non-trivial example, we apply this algorithm to a fifteen-level atomic system used for producing optically controlled polarization rotation. We also point out how such a code can be extended for use in an atomic system with arbitrary number of energy levels

Canonical Trajectories and Critical Coupling of the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian in a Harmonic Trap

Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) simulations and the Local Density Approximation (LDA) are used to map the constant particle number (canonical) trajectories of the Bose Hubbard Hamiltonian confined in a harmonic trap onto the $(\mu/U,t/U)$ phase diagram of the uniform system. Generically, these curves do not intercept the tips of the Mott insulator (MI) lobes of the uniform system. This observation necessitates a clarification of the appropriate comparison between critical couplings obtained in experiments on trapped systems with those obtained in QMC simulations. The density profiles and visibility are also obtained along these trajectories. Density profiles from QMC in the confined case are compared with LDA results.Comment: New version of figure 1