Sulfur and nitrogen removal of model fuel using activated carbon derived from oil palm shell

This research was done to understand the suitability and effectiveness of oil palm shells (OPS) as low cost adsorbents via physically activation with carbon dioxide (CO2) as an adsorbent for desulphurization and denitrogenation of a model fuel under different concentration. Batch mode experiments were conducted to study the effects concentration of Benzothiophine, Quinoline and Indole. Activated carbon (AC) was prepared at three different activation temperatures (500°C, 600°C, and 700°C), which was characterized with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (mR), and a mercury intrusion porosimeter. After adsorption, the solution was analysed with a Gas Chromatography (GC). Equilibrium adsorption isotherms and kinetics were investigated. The experimental data were analysed by the Langmuir and Freundlich models of adsorption. The adsorption isotherm data were fitted well to Langmuir isotherm and the most adsorption capacity on the best suited AC for Benzothiophene, Quinoline, and Indole were 3.64 mg/g, 4.19 mg/g and 2.98 mg/g respectively. The rates of adsorption were 0.19409 h-1, 0.08411 h-1, and 0.02883 h-1 for the adsorption of Benzothiophene, Quinoline, and Indole respectively. The kinetic data obtained at different concentrations have been analysed using a pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order equation and intraparticle diffusion equation. The pseudo-first­order model best described the sorption process and was employed in predicting the rate constant, equilibrium sorption capacity as well

Removal of chlorinated phenol from aqueous solution utilizing activated carbon derived from papaya (carica papaya) seeds

Activated carbons (ACs) were prepared from papaya seeds with different dry weight impregnation ratios of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) to papaya seeds by using a two-stage self-generated atmosphere method. The papaya seeds were first semi-carbonized in a muffle furnace at 300 oC for 1 h and then impregnated with ZnCl2 before activation at 500 oC for 2 h. Several physical and chemical characteristics such as moisture, ash, pH, functional groups, morphological structure and porosity of prepared ACs were studied and presented here. AC2, with the impregnation ration of 1 : 2 (papaya seeds: ZnCl2), yielded a product that had the highest adsorption capacity, 91.75%, achieved after 180min contact time. The maximum Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area of AC2 was 546m2/g. Adsorption studies indicated that AC2 complied well with the Langmuir isotherm (qm=39.683mg g-1) and the pseudo-second-order (qe=29.36mg g-1). This indicated that chemisorption was the primary adsorption method for AC2. The intraparticle diffusion model proved that the mechanism of adsorption was separated into two stages: the instantaneous stage and the gradual adsorption stage. Overall, this work demonstrated the suitability of using papaya seeds as a precursor to manufacture activated carbon

2-(2,6-Dimethoxy­phen­yl)-5-hydr­oxy-7-meth­oxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

In the title compound, C18H16O6, the dimethoxy­phenyl ring is rotated by 61.8 (1)° from the plane of the benzopyran system. The mol­ecule is stabilized by an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond

Structural, Morphological and 1/f noise Properties of ITO/TiO2 thin Films by e-beam Evaporation System for Optoelectronic Device Applications

In the present research study, ITO/TiO2 thin films were prepared on a glass substrate by using an electron beam (e-beam) evaporation system at different annealing temperatures (300, 350, 400 and 450 °C). The amorphous and crystalline natures of ITO/TiO2 structure were analyzed by X-ray diffraction study. As the grain size becomes larger, indirectly it will develop the crystalline quality of the TiO2 films studied from AFM. The surface of TiO2 films and the crystalline size of the sample were increased gradually with respect to a temperature that is observed in SEM. The elemental composition determined by the energy dispersive analysis of EDAX showed that TiO2 thin films were highly stoichiometric. Further, the higher optical transmittance (93%) was obtained with 450 °C annealed ITO/TiO2 film. The optical band gap increased along with annealing temperatures (300, 350, 400 and 450 °C). All the above results of this present work can be utilized for solar cell and optoelectronic device applications. © 2020 Author(s)

Diethyl [(4-bromo­phen­yl)(5-chloro-2-hydroxy­anilino)meth­yl]phospho­nate

In the title compound, C17H20BrClNO4P, inter­molecular C—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds form centrosymmetric R 2 2(10) dimers linked through O—H⋯O inter­molecular hydrogen bonds, which form centrosymmetric R 2 2(16) dimers. All these hydrogen bonds form chains along [010]. In addition, the crystal structure is stabilized by weak C—H⋯Br hydrogen bonds. The very weak intramolecular N—H⋯O interaction forms a five-membered ring

Structural, morphological and 1/f noise properties of ITO/TiO2thin films by e-beam evaporation system for optoelectronic device applications

In the present research study, ITO/TiO2 thin films were prepared on a glass substrate by using an electron beam (e-beam) evaporation system at different annealing temperatures (300, 350, 400 and 450 °C). The amorphous and crystalline natures of ITO/TiO2 structure were analyzed by X-ray diffraction study. As the grain size becomes larger, indirectly it will develop the crystalline quality of the TiO2 films studied from AFM. The surface of TiO2 films and the crystalline size of the sample were increased gradually with respect to a temperature that is observed in SEM. The elemental composition determined by the energy dispersive analysis of EDAX showed that TiO2 thin films were highly stoichiometric. Further, the higher optical transmittance (93%) was obtained with 450 °C annealed ITO/TiO2 film. The optical band gap increased along with annealing temperatures (300, 350, 400 and 450 °C). All the above results of this present work can be utilized for solar cell and optoelectronic device applications. © 2020 Author(s)

Sorption potential of oil palm shell for the removal of chlorinated phenol from aqueous solution: Kinetic investigation

In this study, activated carbons (ACs) from oil palm shell (OPS) were prepared using the two-stage self-generated atmosphere method, comprising of a semi carbonization stage and a chemical activation stage, which were fixed at 300 oC and 500 oC respectively. The prepared adsorbents were tested in the removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) from aqueous solution. The samples were impregnated by varying the zinc chloride (ZnCl2 ) to precursor (OPS) ratio, after which, the final products, ACs, underwent several aspects of chemical and physical characterizations, i.e. percentage of yield, moisture content, ash content, pH, porosity, adsorption kinetics and isotherms (2,4-DCP) and surface chemistry of the adsorbent. The results indicated that the percentage of yield, moisture content and ash content had increased in proportional to the increase in ZnCl2 ratio. It was found that AC4, with the impregnation ration of 1:4 (OPS:ZnCl2 ) had the highest adsorption capacity of 26.40 mg/g. While the maximum Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area of AC4 was found to be around 1020 m 2 /g. Adsorption studies indicated an increased in adsorption capacity in proportional to the increase in adsorbate initial concentration and adsorbent dosage, whereas a higher pH decreased the adsorption capacity. The adsorption isotherm of all the prepared ACs fitted well to the Langmuir model, while the sorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order, indicating that the adsorption was a single layer chemisorption process

SORPTION POTENTIAL OF OIL PALM SHELL FOR THE REMOVAL OF CHLORINATED PHENOL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION:KINETIC INVESTIGATION

In this study, activated carbons (ACs) from oil palm shell (OPS) were prepared using the two-stage self-generated atmosphere method, comprising of a semicarbonization stage and a chemical activation stage, which were fixed at 300 oC and 500 oC espectively. The prepared adsorbents were tested in the removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) from aqueous solution. The samples were impregnated by varying the zinc chloride (ZnCl2 ) to precursor (OPS) ratio, after which, the final products, ACs, underwent several aspects of chemical and physical haracterizations, i.e. percentage of yield, moisture content, ash content, pH, porosity, adsorption kinetics and isotherms (2,4-DCP) and surface chemistry of the adsorbent. The results indicated that the percentage of yield, moisture content and ash content had increased in proportional to the increase in ZnCl2 ratio. It was found that AC4, with the impregnation ration of 1:4 (OPS:ZnCl2 ) had the highest adsorption capacity of 26.40 mg/g. While the maximum Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area of AC4 was found to be around 1020 m2/g. Adsorption studies indicated an increased in adsorption capacity in proportional to the increase in adsorbate initial concentration and adsorbent dosage, whereas a higher pH decreased the adsorption capacity. The adsorption isotherm of all the prepared ACs fitted well to the Langmuir model, while the sorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order, indicating that the adsorption was a single layer chemisorption process

Cyclodextrin Complexes of Reduced Bromonoscapine in Guar Gum Microspheres Enhance Colonic Drug Delivery

Here, we report improved solubility and enhanced colonic delivery of reduced bromonoscapine (Red-Br-Nos), a cyclic ether brominated analogue of noscapine, upon encapsulation of its cyclodextrin (CD) complexes in bioresponsive guar gum microspheres (GGM). Phase−solubility analysis suggested that Red-Br-Nos complexed with β-CD and methyl-β-CD in a 1:1 stoichiometry, with a stability constant (Kc) of 2.29 × 103 M−1 and 4.27 × 103 M−1. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy indicated entrance of an O−CH2 or OCH3−C6H4−OCH3 moiety of Red-Br-Nos in the β-CD or methyl-β- CD cavity. Furthermore, the cage complex of Red-Br-Nos with β-CD and methyl-β-CD was validated by several spectral techniques. Rotating frame Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy revealed that the Ha proton of the OCH3−C6H4−OCH3 moiety was closer to the H5 proton of β-CD and the H3 proton of the methyl-β-CD cavity. The solubility of Red-Br-Nos in phosphate buffer saline (PBS, pH ∼ 7.4) was improved by ∼10.7-fold and ∼21.2-fold when mixed with β-CD and methyl-β-CD, respectively. This increase in solubility led to a favorable decline in the IC50 by ∼2-fold and ∼3-fold for Red-Br-Nos−β-CD-GGM and Red-Br-Nos−methyl-β-CD-GGM formulations respectively, compared to free Red-Br-Nos−β-CD and Red-Br-Nos−methyl-β-CD in human colon HT-29 cells. GGM-bearing drug complex formulations were found to be highly cytotoxic to the HT-29 cell line and further effective with simultaneous continuous release of Red-Br-Nos from microspheres. This is the first study to showing the preparation of drug-complex loaded GGMS for colon delivery of Red-Br-Nos that warrants preclinical assessment for the effective management of colon cancer