518 research outputs found
Magnetostratigraphy of the Zobzit and Koudiat Zarga sections (Taza-Guercif basin, Morocco): implications for the evolution of the Rifian Corridor
Magnetostratigraphic analyses for two Neogene `post-nappes' successions of the Taza-Guercif basin enable a reliable
correlation of the sedimentary sequence to the astronomical polarity time scale. Rock magnetic analyses indicate that hematite is
the dominant carrier of the magnetisation in the marine marls of the Melloulou Formation, whereas both magnetite and
hematite contribute to the NRM of the near-shore and continental sediments of the Kef Ed Deba and Bou Irhardaiene
Formations. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) measurements indicate that the maximum axes of the magnetic fabric
are aligned in a direction SW-NE. This suggests that the AMS is tectonically induced, related to SE-NW compression, in
agreement with the major fold and fault systems in the basin. Our magnetostratigraphic correlation shows that the oldest marine
sediments in the basin, which are related to the development of the Rifian Corridor, are dated at approximately 8 Ma. Between
7.2 and 7.1 Ma, just after the Tortonian/Messinian boundary, an important shallowing of the Taza-Guercif basin takes place.
This shallowing phase is primarily related to active tectonics, although a small glacio-eustatic sea level lowering also took place.
Our results indicate that at least the Taza-Guercif basin, and perhaps the entire Rifian Corridor, became emerged at an age
between 6.7 and 6.0 Ma. Continental deposits, separated from the underlying deposits by a considerable hiatus of 700 kyr,
extend into the Pliocene (up to 4.7 Ma)
Chronology of the late Turolian deposits of the Fortuna basin (SE Spain): implications for the Messinian evolution of the eastern Betics
The magnetostratigraphy of the mammal-bearing alluvial fan-fan delta sequences of the Fortuna basin (SE Spain) has
yielded an accurate chronology for the late Turolian (Messinian) basin infill. From early to late Messinian (at least between
6.8 and 5.7 Ma), the Fortuna basin records the sedimentation of alluvial-palustrine deposits over a confined shallow
basin. Changing environmental conditions in the latest Messinian are illustrated by the retreat of palustrine facies. A rapid
progradation of the marginal clastic wedges and the initiation of an efficient basin drainage at 5.8 Ma (lower part of
chron C3r) most likely represents the onshore response to the drastic drop of base level taking place during the Messinian
salinity crisis. This study further provides improved age estimates for the late Turolian land mammal events in southern
Spain. The oldest MN 13 locality in the studied sections is correlated to chron C3Ar at an age of 6.8 Ma. The entry
of camels and the murid Paraethomys in southern Spain occurs in chron C3An.1n at 6.1 Ma, and gives further support
for land mammal exchange between Africa and the Iberian peninsula prior to the salinity crisis, in good agreement with
results from northern Africa [M. Benammi, M. Calvo, M. Pre´vot, J.J. Jaeger, Magnetostratigraphy and paleontology of Ai¨t
Kandoula basin (High Atlas, Morocco) and the African-European late Miocene terrestrial fauna exchanges, Earth Planet.
Sci. Lett. 145 (1996) 15-29]. The age of the studied sequences provides important constraints on the understanding of
the sedimentary evolution of the eastern Betic margin, and shows that previous interpretations of the evaporitic-diatomitic
sequences of the Fortuna basin, as being coeval to the late Messinian salinity crisis in the Mediterranean, are not correct.
The confinement leading to the emergence of the Fortuna basin occurred in the late Tortonian to earliest Messinian, similar
to other intramontane basins in the Betics. Therefore, the inclusion of the Fortuna basin in a hypothetical marine Betic
Corridor during the late Messinian is no longer tenable. Ó 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
Paleomagnetism and astronomically induced cyclicity of the Armantes section; a Miocene continental red sequence in the Calatayud-Daroca basin (Central Sapin)
The Armantes section is a red-bed sequence consisting of a regular altemation (10 m scale) of reddish silts and pink/white limestones.In between these limestones, a smaller-scale bedding (2-3 m scale) is intercalated, characterised by varying carbonate content and related differences in erosion resistance. An earlier correlation of the magnetic polarity sequence of the Armantes section to the geomagnetic polarity time scale (GPTS) suggested a periodicity of 111 kyr for the large-scale cyclicity (Krijgsman et al., 1994b). The carbonate, gamma-ray and susceptibility records indicate that 4 to 5 small-scale cycles are developed in one large-scale cycle, showing that the small-scale cyclicity is related to precession and thus caused by climate forcing. We suggest that the precipitation of the carbonates is most likely related to rising ground-water levels and an increase of evaporation. This implies that the thick limestone beds would correlate to eccentricity maxima and the smaller-scale limestone beds to precession minima. Rock magnetic experiments show that the NRM in the Armantes section results from the presence of hematite and magnetite/maghemite.The relative contribution of hematite is strongly related to the lithology. Hematite is the dominant carrier in the limestones, while in the silts magnetite/maghemite prevail
Late Miocene Mediterranean desiccation: topography and significance of the 'Salinity Crisis' erosion surface on-land in southeast Spain: Comment
One of the most striking aspects of the Mediterranean
"Messinian Salinity Crisis" as observed in landbased
sections, is the basin-wide synchronicity in
facies change (Krijgsman et al., 1999a). The Messinian
succession of the Caltanisetta Basin on Sicily
serves as the classical standard for these facies
changes, which can also be recognised elsewhere in
the Mediterranean, i.e. on Cyprus, Crete, northern
Italy and southern Spain. It starts with an alternation
of open marine marls and sapropels, passes via diatomites
into evaporitic limestones, gypsum and halite of
the "Lower Evaporites" (of marine origin) and,
following an erosional unconformity, ends with the
"Upper Evaporites" and associated fresh to brackish
water deposits of the Lago Mare that are essentially of
non-marine origin and contain a caspi-brackish ostracode
fauna. The erosional unconformity between the
"Lower and Upper Evaporites" is assumed to reflect
the phase of most extreme sea level drawdown in the
Mediterranean that caused significant erosion and
localised channel entrenchment on the continental
shelves and slopes
Astrochronology for the Messinian Sorbas basin (SE Spain) and orbital (precessional) forcing for evaporite cyclicity
The Sorbas basin of SE Spain contains one of the most complete sedimentary successions of the Mediterranean reflecting the
increasing salinity during the Messinian salinity crisis. A detailed cyclostratigraphic study of these successions allows a
correlation of the sedimentary cycle patterns to astronomical target curves. Here, we present an astrochronological framework
for the Messinian of the central part of the Sorbas basin. This framework will form a solid basis for high-resolution correlations
to the marginal carbonate facies and to the Central Mediterranean area.
The early Messinian Abad Member contains 55 precession induced sedimentary cycles marked by homogeneous marl-opalrich
bed alternations in the `Lower Abad' and by homogeneous marl-sapropel alternations in the `Upper Abad'. Astronomical
tuning results in an age of 5.96 Ma for the transition to the Yesares evaporites and thus for the onset of the `Messinian salinity
crisis'. The marl±sapropel cycles of the `Upper Abad' are replaced by gypsum±sapropel cycles (14) in the Yesares Member,
indicating that the evaporite cyclicity is related to precession controlled oscillations in (circum) Mediterranean climate as well.
As a consequence, gypsum beds correspond to precession maxima (insolation minima) and relatively dry climate, sapropelitic
marls to precession minima (insolation maxima) and relatively wet climate. An alternative (glacio-eustatic) obliquity control
for evaporite cyclicity can be excluded because the number of sedimentary cycles with a reversed polarity is too high.
Sedimentation during the Abad, Yesares, and the overlying coastal sequences of the Sorbas Member, took place in a
continuously marine environment, indicating that marine conditions in the Sorbas basin prevailed at least until
5.60-5.54 Ma. According to our scenario, deposition of the Yesares and Sorbas Member took place synchronously with
deposition of the `Lower Evaporites' in the Central Mediterranean. Finally, the continental Zorreras Member consists of 8
sedimentary cycles of alternating reddish silts (dry climate) and yellowish sands (wet climate) which correlates very well with
the `Upper Evaporites' and Lago Mare facies of the Mediterranean
The Abad composite (SE Spain): a Messinian reference section for the Mediterranean and the APTS
A high-resolution integrated stratigraphy is presented for the Abad marls of the Sorbas and Nijar basins in SE Spain (preevaporitic
Messinian of the Western Mediterranean). Detailed cyclostratigraphic and biostratigraphic analyses of partially
overlapping subsections were needed to overcome stratigraphic problems in particular encountered at the complex transition
from the Lower to the Upper Abad. The resulting Abad composite section contains a continuous stratigraphic record from the
Tortonian/Messinian boundary up to the transition to the Messinian evaporites of the Yesares Member. All together, 18
calcareous plankton events were recognized which were shown to be synchronous throughout the Mediterranean by means
of detailed (bed-to-bed) cyclostratigraphic correlations. The magnetostratigraphy allowed the identification of the four
magnetic reversals of chron C3An in the Upper Abad. Details in the sedimentary cycle patterns allowed the Abad composite
to be astronomically calibrated. This calibration to the 658N summer insolation curve of solution La90(1,1) yielded astronomical
ages for all sedimentary cycles, calcareous plankton bioevents, ash layers and paleomagnetic reversals. Up to now, the Abad
composite is the only astronomically well-calibrated section that provided a reliable cyclostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy
and calcareous plankton biostratigraphy. As such it will serve as a reference section both for the pre-evaporite Messinian in the
Mediterranean as well as for the Messinian interval in the Astronomical Polarity Time Scale
Paleomagnetism and astronomically induced cyclicity of the Armantes section; a Miocene continental red sequence in the Calatayud-Daroca basin (Central Sapin)
The Armantes section is a red-bed sequence consisting of a regular altemation (10 m scale) of reddish silts and pink/white limestones.In between these limestones, a smaller-scale bedding (2-3 m scale) is intercalated, characterised by varying carbonate content and related differences in erosion resistance. An earlier correlation of the magnetic polarity sequence of the Armantes section to the geomagnetic polarity time scale (GPTS) suggested a periodicity of 111 kyr for the large-scale cyclicity (Krijgsman et al., 1994b). The carbonate, gamma-ray and susceptibility records indicate that 4 to 5 small-scale cycles are developed in one large-scale cycle, showing that the small-scale cyclicity is related to precession and thus caused by climate forcing. We suggest that the precipitation of the carbonates is most likely related to rising ground-water levels and an increase of evaporation. This implies that the thick limestone beds would correlate to eccentricity maxima and the smaller-scale limestone beds to precession minima. Rock magnetic experiments show that the NRM in the Armantes section results from the presence of hematite and magnetite/maghemite.The relative contribution of hematite is strongly related to the lithology. Hematite is the dominant carrier in the limestones, while in the silts magnetite/maghemite prevail
Post-early Messinian counterclockwise rotations on Crete: implications for Late Miocene to Recent kinematics of the southern Hellenic arc
Most geodynamical models for the kinematics of the central Mediterranean recognise that major tectonic rotations
must have played an important role during the Neogene. The Hellenic arc is believed to have been subjected to clockwise
rotations in the west and counterclockwise rotations in the east, while the southern part (Crete) shows no rotations (Kissel
and Laj, 1988). Many qualitative and quantitative models are based on the idea that Crete did not rotate. We present new
palaeomagnetic data which show that post-early Messinian counterclockwise rotations have occurred on Crete. The amount
of counterclockwise rotation generally varies between 10º and 20º, but in central Crete much larger rotations (up to 40º
counterclockwise) were found. Only a few sections did not show any rotation. The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility
(AMS) shows lineations, which are consistently WNWESE throughout Crete, indicating post-rotational WNW-ESE
extension, or NNE-SSE compression. The observed counterclockwise rotations are consistent with the results of tectonic
modelling by Ten Veen and Meijer (1998). The latter study compares the late-Middle Miocene to Recent kinematics
with modelled intra-plate stresses for various possible distributions of plate boundary forces. Observations reveal that
motion along left-lateral and right-lateral faults occurred during the Pliocene. The model analysis shows these motions to
be consistent with transform resistance along the eastern segment of the overriding margin. The counterclockwise block
rotations observed by us are probably a consequence of displacements along the left-lateral and right-lateral faults and
could reflect a similar tectonic regime that involved transform resistance. Ó 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of the M. del Casino section (northern Apennines, Italy) and paleoceanographic conditions at times of Late Miocene sapropel formation
A detailed quantitative calcareous nannofossil analysis has been performed on 138 samples from the astronomically
dated Monte del Casino section with the aim to identify and precisely date the most important calcareous nannofossil
events across the Tortonian=Messinian boundary in the Mediterranean, and to unravel paleoceanographic conditions at
times of sapropel formation during the Late Miocene. From the biostratigraphic perspective, the genus Amaurolithus
provides three successive first occurrences (FOs): A. primus, A.cf. amplificus and A. delicatus, dated at 7.446, 7.434
and 7.226 Ma, respectively. Other bioevents include the base and top of the 'small reticulofenestrids' Acme, dated at
7.644 and 6.697 Ma, and the FO, FCO and LO of R. rotaria, dated at 7.405, 7.226 and 6.771 Ma. These events
appear to be useful in improving biostratigraphic resolution in the Tortonian-Messinian boundary interval, at least for
the Mediterranean. Quantitative analysis revealed changes in the calcareous nannofossil assemblage associated with the
sapropels. The observed fluctuations suggest a single mechanism for sapropel formation in the Mediterranean during the
late Neogene. Sapropels are characterized by a decrease in the total number of coccoliths, interpreted mainly as a reduction
in calcareous nannofossil production due to increased siliceous plankton production during spring blooms; and an increase
in reworked specimens, interpreted to reflect enhanced continental input via river run-off. An increase in abundance of the
genus Rhabdosphaera can be explained by opportunistic behavior at the end of the spring bloom when nutrient levels start
to become impoverished. As far as sea surface water temperature indicators are concerned, warm water D. pentaradiatus
shows positive fluctuations in sapropels while cooler water D. intercalaris and C. pelagicus show negative fluctuations.
Ó 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
Chronology, causes and progression of the Messinian salinity crisis
The Messinian salinity crisis is widely regarded as one of the most dramatic episodes of oceanic change of the past 20 or so million years (refs 1±3). Earliest explanations were that extremely thick evaporites were deposited in a deep and desiccated Mediterranean basin that had been repeatedly isolated from the Atlantic Ocean, but elucidation of the causes of the isolation--whether driven largely by glacio-eustatic or tectonic processes--have been ham pered by the absence of an accurate time frame. Here we present an astronomically calibrated chronology for the Mediterranean Messinian age based on an integrated high-resolution stratigraphy and `tuning' of sedimentary cycle patterns to variations in the Earth's orbital parameters. We show that the onset of the Messinian salinity crisis is synchronous over the entire Mediterranean basin, dated at 5:96 ± 0:02 million years ago. Isolation from the Atlantic Ocean was established between 5.59 and 5.33 million years ago, causing a large fall in Mediterranean water level followed by erosion (5.59±5.50 million years ago) and deposition (5.5-05.33 million years ago) of non-marine sediments in a large `Lago Mare' (Lake Sea) basin. Cyclic evaporite deposition is almost entirely related to circum-Mediterranean climate changes driven by changes in the Earth's precession, and not to obliquity-induced glacio-eustatic sea-level changes. We argue in favour of a dominantly tectonic origin for the Messinian salinity crisis, although its exact timing may well have been controlled by the ~400-kyr component of the Earth's eccentricity cycle
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