124 research outputs found

    Ethnomedicinal and bioactive properties of plants ingested by wild chimpanzees in Uganda

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    International audienceWild chimpanzees eat several plant species claimed by traditional healers to cure diseases. However, the behaviour leading apes to ingest these peculiar species is not clearly understood. Some of the items consumed by chimpanzees have low nutritional value, and there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that health might be improved or regulated by such ingestion. Observations concerning the diet and the health condition of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Kibale National Park (Uganda) are discussed in relation to the ethnomedicinal utilization of plant species reviewed in literature. Among the 163 plant parts known to be eaten by these chimpanzees, at least 35 (21.4%) are used in traditional medicine as treatments for intestinal parasites, skin infections, reproduction and respiratory diseases. Relationships with pharmacological properties are presented, taking into account the difficulties of interpreting ethnomedicinal data. In conclusion, a greater knowledge of ape's behaviour and health may provide a new complementary method to select plants for biomedical research

    EC74-2033 Structural Lighting in the Home

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    Extension Circular 74-2033 talks about installing lighting in homes

    Spatial and phylogenetical closeness between chimpanzees and humans and health consequences. Study case of Kibale national park, Uganda

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    Chimpanzee, our closest relative, is today severely threatened by habitat fragmentation. As a consequence, people and chimpanzees live in increasing proximity. In order to estimate the risks for both species due to such changes, we aim at understanding if chimpanzees avoid the interface and limit occasions of contact with human beings. Fifteen years of research on two chimpanzee communities at Kibale National Park (Uganda) demonstrate that chimpanzees do not avoid forest boundaries, cross tarmac road and that human activities are frequent in the protected area. Direct consequences on chimpanzee health include severe mutilations due to poaching. The diagnosis of similar parasites in both species underlines the potential risk of interspecific transmission and the necessity to expand such study for public health and conservation issuesLe ChimpanzĂ©, espĂšce vivante la plus proche phylogĂ©nĂ©tiquement de l’homme, est aujourd’hui menacĂ©e de disparition en particulier par la fragmentation des forĂȘts tropicales. Afin d’évaluer les risques pour les deux espĂšces de cette proximitĂ© spatiale en potentielle augmentation, notre objectif est d’étudier si les chimpanzĂ©s Ă©vitent les interfaces et si leur santĂ© tĂ©moignent de ces Ă©ventuels contacts. Quinze annĂ©es de recherche sur deux communautĂ©s de chimpanzĂ©s sauvages du parc national de Kibale (Ouganda) montrent que les chimpanzĂ©s n’évitent pas les lisiĂšres, traversent une route Ă  fort trafic et que les activitĂ©s humaines en forĂȘt sont frĂ©quentes. Nos observations rĂ©vĂšlent des consĂ©quences sĂ©vĂšres sur leur santĂ©: mutilations dues au braconnage et dĂ©tection d’agents pathogĂšnes similaires, impliquant probablement des transmissions interspĂ©cifiques. Dans un contexte oĂč les maladies Ă©mergentes peuvent entraĂźner des consĂ©quences fatales sur la santĂ© des hommes et des chimpanzĂ©s, il est primordial d’approfondir ces travaux pour la santĂ© publique et la conservatio

    Nodular Worm Infection in Wild Chimpanzees in Western Uganda: A Risk for Human Health?

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    This study focused on Oeosophagostomum sp., and more especially on O. bifurcum, as a parasite that can be lethal to humans and is widespread among humans and monkeys in endemic regions, but has not yet been documented in apes. Its epidemiology and the role played by non-human primates in its transmission are still poorly understood. O. stephanostomum was the only species diagnosed so far in chimpanzees. Until recently, O. bifurcum was assumed to have a high zoonotic potential, but recent findings tend to demonstrate that O. bifurcum of non-human primates and humans might be genetically distinct. As the closest relative to human beings, and a species living in spatial proximity to humans in the field site studied, Pan troglodytes is thus an interesting host to investigate. Recently, a role for chimpanzees in the emergence of HIV and malaria in humans has been documented. In the framework of our long-term health monitoring of wild chimpanzees from Kibale National Park in Western Uganda, we analysed 311 samples of faeces. Coproscopy revealed that high-ranking males are more infected than other individuals. These chimpanzees are also the more frequent crop-raiders. Results from PCR assays conducted on larvae and dried faeces also revealed that O. stephanostomum as well as O. bifurcum are infecting chimpanzees, both species co-existing in the same individuals. Because contacts between humans and great apes are increasing with ecotourism and forest fragmentation in areas of high population density, this paper emphasizes that the presence of potential zoonotic parasites should be viewed as a major concern for public health. Investigations of the parasite status of people living around the park or working inside as well as sympatric non-human primates should be planned, and further research might reveal this as a promising aspect of efforts to reinforce measures against crop-raiding

    Métabolites secondaires des plantes et comportement animal: surveillance sanitaire et observations de l'alimentation des chimpanzés (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) en Ouganda. Activités biologiques et étude chimique de plantes consommées

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    In order to select plants with pharmacological effects, behavioural and health monitoring of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii), from Kibale National Park, in Uganda, has been conducted. Fecal and urine samples ((252 and 76) were analyzed and the health status evaluated. 84 crude extracts from 24 plants species from chimpanzees' diet were tested in vitro for a wide range of biological properties such as antimalarial, anthelminthic, antileishmanial, antimicrobial, cytotoxic activities and effects on the feeding behavior. Chemical investigations led to the isolation of bioactive compounds from plants namely Uvariopsis congensis (acetogenins), Diospyros abyssinica (binaphtoquinones) and Trichilia rubescens (two new limonoids).These results are consistent with the hypothesis that certain plants may have prophylactic and/or therapeutic effects on the health of chimpanzees. In addition to shedding light on the complex interaction between plants, animals and pathogens, the study of self-medication in great apes is expected to provide a novel approach to the discovery of new bioactive productsAfin de sĂ©lectionner des plantes ayant des propriĂ©tĂ©s pharmacologiques, un suivi Ă©thologique et vĂ©tĂ©rinaire de chimpanzĂ©s (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii), a Ă©tĂ© conduit, grĂące Ă  des mĂ©thodes non-invasives (parasitologie, analyses d'urine et observations vĂ©tĂ©rinaires) dans le Parc National de Kibale, en Ouganda. Des essais biologiques antiparasitaires, antibactĂ©riens, antifongiques, antiviraux et cytotoxiques ont Ă©tĂ© pratiquĂ©s in vitro sur 84 extraits bruts, provenant de 24 espĂšces de plantes. Parmi les nombreux extraits biologiquement actifs, deux binaphtoquinones, isolĂ©es de l'Ă©corce de Diospyros abyssinica, et des acĂ©togĂ©nines, telles l'annonacine et la gigantĂ©trocine isolĂ©es des feuilles et Ă©corces d'Uvariopsis congensis, possĂšdent une cytotoxicitĂ© significative. Deux nouveaux limonoĂŻdes, Ă  forte activitĂ© antipaludique, ont Ă©tĂ© isolĂ©s des feuilles de Trichilia rubescens. Ces rĂ©sultats confirment que le rĂ©gime alimentaire des chimpanzĂ©s peut agir de façon prĂ©ventive et curative pour amĂ©liorer leur santĂ© et pourrait ĂȘtre utilisĂ© pour guider la recherche de nouvelles molĂ©cules potentiellement utilisables en mĂ©decine humaine

    Dysplasie faciale chez les chimpanzés sauvages de Sebitoli, Parc national de Kibale, Ouganda : la pollution environnementale en cause ?

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    Les dĂ©formations des membres sont frĂ©quentes chez les primates. La plupart rĂ©sultent de piĂ©geage, de chutes ou de conflits. Les malformations d’origine congĂ©nitale sont gĂ©nĂ©ralement beaucoup plus rares, atteignant Ă  peine 1% des populations de primates humains et non humains. Cependant, certains groupes de macaques au Japon et Ă  Hong Kong sont sĂ©vĂšrement affectĂ©s par des anomalies des membres. Jusqu’à 17% des individus sont atteints dans certaines troupes vivant en libertĂ© mais approvisionnĂ©s en nourriture. Au contraire, les malformations faciales d’origine congĂ©nitale sont rarement dĂ©crites chez les primates sauvages non humains. Seules des lĂ©sions faciales d’origine bactĂ©rienne, de type pian, sont rencontrĂ©es avec une forte prĂ©valence dans certaines populations de grands singes. Dans le parc national de Kibale, en Ouganda, notre travail d’habituation dans la zone nord de Sebitoli nous a permis d’observer des phĂ©notypes faciaux singuliers. Huit des 80 chimpanzĂ©s (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) prĂ©sentent un nez aplati avec des narines rĂ©duites ou absentes et une face concave, sans qu’aucune lĂ©sion de la peau ne soit visible. Parmi les individus atteints, on trouve des mĂąles et des femelles, ĂągĂ©s de 18 mois Ă  18 ans. Les caractĂ©ristiques faciales observĂ©es chez les chimpanzĂ©s Ă©voquent le syndrome de Binder dĂ©crit chez les humains. Ce syndrome rĂ©sulte d’une perturbation de la formation des structures nasales pendant l’embryogĂ©nĂšse. Des agents anti-vitamine K, ingĂ©rĂ©s par la mĂšre, sont invoquĂ©s dans certains cas. L’étiologie des malformations congĂ©nitales des membres chez les macaques serait selon certains auteurs en relation avec la prĂ©sence de pesticides prĂ©sents dans les aliments donnĂ©s aux singes. A Sebitoli, plusieurs causes peuvent ĂȘtre suspectĂ©es. Dans les annĂ©es 70, les exploitants forestiers ont utilisĂ© des arboricides dĂ©foliants dans cette zone. Aujourd’hui, le territoire de la communautĂ© de chimpanzĂ©s est entourĂ© de plantation de thĂ©, de maĂŻs et de jardins vivriers dont les traitements par intrants chimiques peuvent contaminer l’environnement dont l’eau et le sol. Les chimpanzĂ©s sont exposĂ©s Ă  la pollution du sol car ils pratiquent rĂ©guliĂšrement la gĂ©ophagie. Par ailleurs, ils pillent parfois les plantations de maĂŻs des villageois, ingĂ©rant les Ă©pis et les tiges. Enfin, ils sont aussi exposĂ©s aux particules de combustion des carburants des vĂ©hicules circulant sur la route nationale Ă  fort trafic qui coupe leur territoire. La pollution environnementale pourrait donc ĂȘtre en lien avec les malformations observĂ©es dans cette communautĂ©. Outre le braconnage et les maladies infectieuses, les risques induits par la pollution de l’habitat font partie des consĂ©quences sanitaires de l’anthropisation du milieu qui ne doivent pas ĂȘtre nĂ©gligĂ©es pour la prĂ©servation des grands singes
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