Demographic and clinical characteristics of cases of HIV-negative (HIV−) adult-onset immunodeficiency versus HIV-infected (HIV+) and healthy controls (from reference [9]).

a<p>Data are expressed as the numbers of subjects, with percentage in parentheses (%), or as central tendency as means plus or minus (±) standard deviation in parentheses.</p>b<p>Comparison between cases and HIV+ controls. Boldfacing indicates statistical significance.</p>c<p>Comparison between cases and healthy controls. Boldfacing indicates statistical significance.</p>d<p>OD = Optical Density.</p><p>Demographic and clinical characteristics of cases of HIV-negative (HIV−) adult-onset immunodeficiency versus HIV-infected (HIV+) and healthy controls (from reference <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0110276#pone.0110276-Wongkulab1" target="_blank">[9]</a>).</p

Comparison of cytokine production between active cases (circles) and inactive cases (triangles) with opportunistic infections.

<p>Solid lines show the medians with interquartile ranges of each group. Indicated <i>p</i> values for comparisons are by unpaired t-test.</p

Cytokine production by CD4 and CD8 T cells, by CD4 and CD8 T-cell types, and by fold increase upon stimulation.

<p>PBMCs were stimulated by phytohemagglutinin or by no mitogen stimulant for 24 hours. Cells were harvested and stained with fluorochrome conjugated CD3, CD4, CD8, IFN-γ, IL-2 or TNF-α mAbs. PBMCs were gated by forward and side scatter and the CD3⁺ T lymphocyte population was identified (A). IFN-γ, IL-2 or TNF-α expression in CD4⁺ T cells (B) or CD8+ T cells (C) were then examined. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0110276#pone-0110276-g002" target="_blank">Figures 2D and 2E</a> show fold increase of IFN-γ, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0110276#pone-0110276-g002" target="_blank">Figures 2F and 2G</a> fold increases of IL-2, and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0110276#pone-0110276-g002" target="_blank">Figures 2H and 2I</a> fold increases of TNF-α production in response to PHA, compared to cells cultured with no mitogen stimulant. Symbols represents the data of each individual case patient (circles), HIV+ control (up-pointing triangles), and healthy control (down-pointing triangles). Long horizontal lines show the medians, and short lines the interquartile ranges of each group. Indicated <i>p</i> values for comparisons are by Kruskal-wallis one-way analysis of variance by rank test.</p

Proportions of studied characteristics (malaria prevalence, HbE, G6PD deficiency, α-thalassemia, β-thalassemia), by village and ethnic group (A) and by linguistic family (B).

<p>Proportions of studied characteristics (malaria prevalence, HbE, G6PD deficiency, α-thalassemia, β-thalassemia), by village and ethnic group (A) and by linguistic family (B).</p

HbE did not have an inhibitory effect on <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i> invasion <i>in vitro</i> or the production of hemozoin.

<p>(A) The percentages of infected red blood cells and (B) the absorbance of hemozoin at 450/750 nm after 96 hours incubation of red blood cells from normal (circles) or HbE (diamonds) participants with <i>P</i>. <i>falciparum</i>. Each symbol represents each individual participant. Solid lines show the mean with standard deviations of each group.</p