Effects of Highway Runoff on Receiving Waters, Volume V: Guidelines for Conducting Field Studies

DTFH61-80-C-00001Guidelines for conducting comprehensive field monitoring programs are provided in this volume. Included are detailed descriptions of site selection, planning aspects, station location, equipment installation and maintenance, sampling methodology, physical/chemical analytical methods, data analyses and glossary. All aspects of field practices are covered for surface water impact evaluation including hydrologic, chemical, sediment and biological components

Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication by blocking membrane fusion

Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) is an interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene that shows broad antiviral activities against a wide range of enveloped viruses. Here, using an IFN-stimulated gene screen against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-SARS-CoV and VSV-SARS-CoV-2 chimeric viruses, we identified CH25H and its enzymatic product 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) as potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 replication. Internalized 25HC accumulates in the late endosomes and potentially restricts SARS-CoV-2 spike protein catalyzed membrane fusion via blockade of cholesterol export. Our results highlight one of the possible antiviral mechanisms of 25HC and provide the molecular basis for its therapeutic development

A transmission electron microscope study of white mica crystallite size distribution in a mudstone to slate transitional sequence, North Wales, UK

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) measurements of the thickness of white mica crystallites were made on three pelite samples that represented a prograde transition from diagenetic mudstone though anchizonal slate to epizonal slate. Crystallite thickness, measured normal to (001), increases as grade increases, whereas the XRD measured 10 Å peak-profile, the Kubler index, decreases. The mode of the TEM-measured size population can be correlated with the effective crystallite size N (001) determined by XRD. The results indicate that the Kubler index of white mica crystallinity measures changes in the crystallite size population that result from prograde increases in the size of coherent X-ray scattering domains. These changes conform to the Scherrer relationship between XRD peak broadening and small crystallite size. Lattice ‘strain’ broadening is relatively unimportant, and is confined to white mica populations in the diagenetic mudstone. Rapid increases in crystallite size occur in the anchizone, coincident with cleavage development. Changes in the distribution of crystallite thickness with advancing grade and cleavage development are characteristic of grain-growth by Ostwald ripening. The Kubler index rapidly loses sensitivity as an indicator of metapelitic grade within the epizone.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/47293/1/410_2004_Article_BF00306406.pd

Effects of Highway Runoff on Receiving Waters, Volume III: Resource Document for Environmental Assessments

DTFH61-80-C-00001This resource document is intended to serve as a user tool to supplement the Procedural Guidelines Manual (Volume IV). State highway agencies can use these resources to more comprehensively address the effects of stormwater runoff in environmental documents (i.e., EIS's and EA's). This document provides a critical summary and review of the technical literature on hydrological, water quality, sediment, and biological impacts of runoff from operating highways. Major pollutant categories include oxygen-consuming materials, nutrients, bacteria, road salt, petroleum hydrocarbons, and metals

Identification of promising Twin Hub networks: Report of Work Package 1 of the Intermodal rail freight Twin hub Network Northwest Europe - project (final report)

This report is the first deliverable of the project Intermodal Rail Freight Twin Hub Network Northwest Europe. We call its subject Twin hub network and the organisational entity to carry out the actions the Twin hub project. The project is funded by INTERREG NWE (programme IVb). Its work started in December 2011 and will end by the end of 2015. The project budget was, when the project started, about 5,7 million Euros, to be spent in 4 years’ time. The project consists of analytical and designing actions and of the project pilot. The latter is the centre of the project. It is to prove to which extent the theoretical concept can work in practice. Most of the project budget is earmarked for the actions within or related to the pilot.OTBArchitecture and The Built Environmen