A questão agrária e o mercado de trabalho rural no Brasil

The agrarian subject has been addressed over the years on various points of view, as well as the conflicts arising from it. Currently, it is present in different analytical fields, as in environmental issues, but there are others fields which is not in evidence, like the labor market. To make progress on these open issues, it is necessary that the State give priority to them when they elaborate new socioeconomic policies. However, this situation is difficult to solve because the agricultural sector’s share has been reduced on the national income in order to content the new national capitalist model. Against this situation is the pressure of social movements, which opened opportunities to integrate some aspects of the agrarian subject specific about family farming policies. This article suggests that, among the possible approaches that the agrarian subject can take, one should have more attention: the factor market and, more specifically, the labor market. Thus, one believes that social policies, which focus on integration of the rural population in the labor market, could be prioritize by expanding its participation in the State's agenda.A questão agrária já foi analisada ao longo dos anos sobre vários pontos de vista, assim como os conflitos decorrentes dela. Atualmente, ela está presente em diferentes campos analíticos como, por exemplo, na questão ambiental, mas há outros que não tem tanta evidência como no mercado de trabalho. Para que se avance nestas problemáticas abertas é necessário que o Estado dê prioridade à elas na elaboração de suas políticas socioeconômicas. Mas, esta situação se tornou difícil de ser resolvida à medida que o setor agropecuário foi reduzindo a sua participação na renda nacional e se adaptando ao novo modelo capitalista nacional. Na contramão deste processo surgiu a intensa pressão dos movimentos sociais, que abriu oportunidades de inserção de alguns aspectos da questão agrária nas políticas direcionadas à agricultura familiar. O presente artigo sugere que, dentre as possíveis abordagens que a questão agrária possa assumir, deve-se prestar mais atenção aos mercados de fatores e, mais especificamente, ao mercado de trabalho. Desta forma, acredita-se que poderiam ser priorizadas as políticas sociais que focam a inserção da população rural no mercado de trabalho através da ampliação da sua participação na agenda do Estado

BIOFUEL CHAIN: DEVELOPMENT, COMPETITIVENESS AND SUSTAINABILITY IN BRAZIL

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Brazilian biofuel chain, according to the Porter’s competitive advantage approach. The Brazilian biofuel policy is worldwide known not only by stimulating its production, but also by granting tax incentives. The current paper highlights how the biofuel policy was developed in Brazilsince the adoption of Proálcool, how this chain works, and how the government coordinates the different production stages. Despite Brazil had gone by different phases, from the full adoption and support by the federal government to the low public incentives, most of the mills kept the productive structure of Proálcool.The results of this study show that the government participation is crucial for the success of the biofuel program. In addition, unlike other nations,Brazilstill has the possibility to increase his production – either through harvest area or through productivity – without environmental damage. Thus,Brazilcould increase its exportation, with relative competitive advantage. Finally, the study results show that, in a medium-term, the biofuel exportation growth cannot affect fuel prices in domestic market, which is another competitive advantage in international market.

Avaliação da eqüidade da Previdência no meio rural do Brasil

This paper evaluates the equality of the Brazilian system of pensions paid in rural areas during the 1990s. The equality implies equal access to the social security benefits, regardless ethnic, sex and education differences among retired persons. Basing on 1988 Federal Constitution, Laws 8,212 and 8,213, both from 1991, have instituted the old age pension equal to one minimum wage for men (60 years or older) and for women (55 years or older) if they can prove they were rural workers. These old citizens can retire without any contribution to the social security system. The new norms were important in rural areas because they guarantee equal rights among men and women and increased the value of pensions. Using 1992, 1996 and 1999 PNAD microdatas organized in tables, this paper pointed out that the social security system contributed for the per capita income growth of elderly retired people who lives in rural areas, without enlarging the income distribution inequality. PNAD microdatas organized in tables also indicate that males, white people, and those with higher formal education had an easier access to pension than females, black people and those with lower formal education. These results were confirmed by the Probit model estimated. The paper finishes with some suggestions to improve the equality of pensions paid in rural areas

Avaliação da eqüidade da Previdência no meio rural do Brasil

Este trabalho avalia a eqüidade do sistema brasileiro de aposentadorias pagas no meio rural, dando ênfase à década de 1990. Entende-se como eqüidade a distribuição de aposentadorias sem viés de cor (ou raça), sexo e nível de educação. Motivado pela Constituição Federal de 1988, as Leis nº 8.212 e nº 8.213, de 1991 permitiram que homens (com 60 anos de idade ou mais) e mulheres (com 55 anos de idade ou mais) que tivessem comprovado exercício da atividade rural pudessem obter aposentadoria de um salário mínimo, mesmo não tendo contribuído com o sistema previdenciário. Tais mudanças foram significativas, pois igualaram os direitos de mulheres e homens e fixaram um valor mínimo das aposentadorias. Usando a análise tabular de microdados da PNAD (para os anos de 1992, 1996 e 1999) o trabalho comprova que essa nova sistemática previdenciária permitiu o aumento da renda per capita dos aposentados no meio rural, sem causar aumento da desigualdade da distribuição de renda. A mesma análise tabular dos dados sugere a presença de vieses na concessão das aposentadorias em favor de homens (em relação às mulheres), dos brancos (em relação aos negros) e dos mais instruídos (em relação aos menos instruídos), o que foi estatisticamente comprovado através da estimativa do modelo próbite. O trabalho se encerra sugerindo algumas medidas que possam minimizar essa ineqüidade na distribuição das aposentadorias pagas no meio rural

Avaliação da eqüidade da Previdência no meio rural do Brasil

This paper evaluates the equality of the Brazilian system of pensions paid in rural areas during the 1990s. The equality implies equal access to the social security benefits, regardless ethnic, sex and education differences among retired persons. Basing on 1988 Federal Constitution, Laws 8,212 and 8,213, both from 1991, have instituted the old age pension equal to one minimum wage for men (60 years or older) and for women (55 years or older) if they can prove they were rural workers. These old citizens can retire without any contribution to the social security system. The new norms were important in rural areas because they guarantee equal rights among men and women and increased the value of pensions. Using 1992, 1996 and 1999 PNAD microdatas organized in tables, this paper pointed out that the social security system contributed for the per capita income growth of elderly retired people who lives in rural areas, without enlarging the income distribution inequality. PNAD microdatas organized in tables also indicate that males, white people, and those with higher formal education had an easier access to pension than females, black people and those with lower formal education. These results were confirmed by the Probit model estimated. The paper finishes with some suggestions to improve the equality of pensions paid in rural areas

BIOFUEL CHAIN: DEVELOPMENT, COMPETITIVENESS AND SUSTAINABILITY IN BRAZIL

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Brazilian biofuel chain, according to the Porter’s competitive advantage approach. The Brazilian biofuel policy is worldwide known not only by stimulating its production, but also by granting tax incentives. The current paper highlights how the biofuel policy was developed in Brazilsince the adoption of Proálcool, how this chain works, and how the government coordinates the different production stages. Despite Brazil had gone by different phases, from the full adoption and support by the federal government to the low public incentives, most of the mills kept the productive structure of Proálcool. The results of this study show that the government participation is crucial for the success of the biofuel program. In addition, unlike other nations,Brazilstill has the possibility to increase his production – either through harvest area or through productivity – without environmental damage. Thus,Brazilcould increase its exportation, with relative competitive advantage. Finally, the study results show that, in a medium-term, the biofuel exportation growth cannot affect fuel prices in domestic market, which is another competitive advantage in international market.

Spatial distribution of agricultural farms led by women in Brazil

This work aims to analyze the spatial distribution of agricultural establishments managed by women in the Brazilian municipalities, based on data from the Agricultural and Livestock Censuses of 2006 and 2017, applying spatial econometrics. The results showed that the Northeast and North regions had the highest concentration of High-High clusters in 2006, and increased in 2017. These regions with greater and poorer rural areas expanded the participation agricultural establishments managed by women, and they were responsible for 72.42% the variation that occurred between both Censuses. The education variable was positively related to the increase of the establishments managed by women in 2017. In the municipalities where there was a process of disappearance of agricultural establishments, there was an increase in the presence of female managers. We concluded that the promotion of public policies for women in rural areas improves of potential to promote the development of these establishments as well as rural areas

Spatial distribution of agricultural farms led by women in Brazil

This work aims to analyze the spatial distribution of agricultural establishments managed by women in the Brazilian municipalities, based on data from the Agricultural and Livestock Censuses of 2006 and 2017, applying spatial econometrics. The results showed that the Northeast and North regions had the highest concentration of High-High clusters in 2006, and increased in 2017. These regions with greater and poorer rural areas expanded the participation agricultural establishments managed by women, and they were responsible for 72.42% the variation that occurred between both Censuses. The education variable was positively related to the increase of the establishments managed by women in 2017. In the municipalities where there was a process of disappearance of agricultural establishments, there was an increase in the presence of female managers. We concluded that the promotion of public policies for women in rural areas improves of potential to promote the development of these establishments as well as rural areas