Space shuttle: Static aerodynamic characteristics and control effectiveness of the GAC H-33 orbiter at Mach numbers from 0.6 to 4.96

A .003366 scale model of the Grumman H-33 orbiter was tested in the MSFC 14 inch Trisonic Wind Tunnel. Six-component aerodynamic force and moment data was recorded over a Mach number range of 0.6 to 4.96. Both pitch runs and yaw runs at various constant angles of attack were completed. The basic model configuration was investigated. The effects of a component build-up and of various control deflections were obtained. The elevons were deflected symmetrically and asymmetrically to determine elevator and aileron effectiveness. The rudder was tested both flared and unflared and the effects of deflections were determined in the flared case. The model was tested in pitch in two intervals. The first interval was from 0 to 20 deg. Then an adaptor was set to give the sting an offset angle and 20 to 40 deg angle of attack was obtained. Characteristics in sideslip were determined by varying sideslip angle from -4 deg to 10 deg with angle of attack set at 0 deg, 10 deg, 15 deg, and 30 deg

Effects of copper nanoparticles on oxidative stress genes and their enzyme activities in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) are becoming increasingly prevalent in the environment due to their wide range of applications, posing potential threats to living organisms. Negative effects of Cu-NP exposure have been confirmed in many fish species, and they include disorders in the expression of oxidative stress genes and the activity of enzymes they encode. Common carp, known for its sensitivity to nanopollutants in water, serves as a valuable model organism for nanoparticle toxicity assessment. This study investigated the effects of specific Cu-NPs – copper nanopowder (Cu-NPs), colloidal copper nanoparticles (Cu), and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) – on gene expression and enzyme activity (GPX, CYP1A, HSP70, SOD, CAT) in C. carpio hatchlings, utilizing molecular biology tools and biochemical analyses. Results showed that Cu increased the expression of the hsp70 gene, Cu-NPs elevated the expression of the cyp1a and hsp70 genes, and CuO increased cyp1a expression. Conversely, sod and cat exhibited reduced expression across all samples (Cu, Cu-NPs, CuO). All Cu forms induced significant ROS accumulation and notable alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers (SOD, CAT, GPX)

The family Gallionellaceae

\ua9 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. All rights reserved. The family Gallionellaceae comprises the genus Gallionella with one established type species, Gallionella ferruginea. The phylogenetic position of Gallionellaceae, as determined by 16S-rDNA sequence comparisons, is among the β-proteobacteria. Its phylogenetic neighbors are Methylophilaceae, Nitrosomonadaceae, and Spirillaceae. The family contains gram-negative, chemolithoautotrophic, neutrophilic, and aerobic ferrous iron-oxidizing bacteria with the ability to secrete an extracellular twisted stalk composed of numerous fibers. Gallionellaceae can be found where anaerobic groundwater containing ferrous iron reaches an environment that contains oxygen. Large amounts of stalk material are usually produced; this material attracts iron hydroxides and many trace metals, giving it a brown, macroscopic appearance. The stalk and iron hydroxide masses formed may eventually cause severe clogging of ditches, drinking-water wells, and any other facilities utilizing iron-bearing, anaerobic groundwater. The family is relevant to biotechnological processes, as it can be used to remove ferrous iron when producing drinking water from groundwater