Différents manomètres pour améliorer la ventilation au masque et ballon

peer reviewedINTRODUCTION Les pressions employées lors de la ventilation au ballon sont difficiles à évaluer et souvent inadéquates. Les ballons disposent d’un connecteur où brancher un manomètre (manom) à ressort ou une ligne vers un manom à cadran. Cependant, l’addition d’une variable à surveiller pourrait constituer une interférence et majorer le risque de fuite ou de rythme ventilatoire inadéquat. Cette étude évalue l’influence de manom simples sur la qualité de la ventilation. MÉTHODES Les participants aux Journées Belges de Pédiatrie pouvaient ventiler un mannequin aux voies respiratoires étanches avec un capteur de débit trachéal. Une pression de 25 mbar et une fréquence de 40 à 60/’ étaient visées. Une séquence de 45’’ avec un manom à ressort (R), une séquence avec un manom à cadran (C) et une sans (O) étaient réalisées dans un ordre aléatoire. La pression de pointe du ballon (P), le volume inspiratoire (VTi), et la fréquence de ventilation (FR) de chaque insufflation ont été analysées. La fuite autour du masque fut estimée en comparant VTi à un volume théorique dérivé d’une calibration avec masque scellé. RÉSULTATS Cinq néonatologues (Néo), 15 pédiatres et 11 internes ont réalisé 5279 insufflations. Les P obtenues avec un manom étaient plus élevées (O:176 mbar; R:184 mbar*; C:194 mbar*#) [*p<.05 vs O; #:p<.05 vs R] VTi augmentait légèrement (O:31 ml; R:3.11 ml*; C:3.21 ml*) FR était systématiquement trop élevé (77-82 bpm). L’usage d’un manom ne modifiait pas les paramètres pour les internes. Pour les Néo, ajouter un manom améliorait P, VTi et la fuite (P -O: 167 mbar; R and C: 204 mbar*) Sur les premières séquences de ventilation, le manom améliorait les paramètres (P-O: 124 mbar;R: 163 mbar*; C: 204 mbar*#), (VTi-O:21 ml; R:30.8 ml*; C:3.31 ml*#), (Fuite-O: 3816%; R: 2712%*; C: 3413%*#). CONCLUSIONS La ventilation au ballon reste difficile. Les pressions obtenues étaient éloignées de l’objectif, et le rythme souvent trop élevé. Si le manomètre permet d’améliorer les pressions et volumes obtenus, surtout en cas de ventilation sans feed-back préalable, cet effet bénéfique s’observe surtout pour les opérateurs expérimentés. Enfin, un congrès scientifique permet de recruter une population variée pour une étude de simulation simple

Small manometers improve bag and mask ventilation: a manikin study

INTRODUCTION: Self-inflating bags (SIB) remain widely used for neonatal resuscitation. Insufflation pressures from SIB are difficult to assess and can be inadequate. Ventilation monitoring improves pressure control, but is not accessible to most resuscitators. Small spring manometer or a pressure line to a needle and dial manometer can be connected through a side port on the SIB. Those devices are cheap and easily available, but their efficacy needs to be assessed. Observation of the manometer could also be considered as a distraction, with increased risk of leak or inadequate insufflation rate. We therefore aimed to evaluate the effect of mechanical manometers on the quality of insufflations with a SIB. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants to the Belgian Pediatric Society meeting were invited to ventilate a manikin with a 300 ml SIB. The leak-free manikin was modified with a flow-meter at tracheal level connected to a neonatal test lung. Participants had to aim for a 25 mbar pressure and a rate of 40-60 during 3 sequences of 45 seconds. A spring (S), a dial (D) manometer or nothing (N) was added to the SIB in random sequence. Pressure data from the SIB and flow data from the manikin were obtained through a ventilation monitor. Peak pressure (PIP), tidal volume (VTi), and insufflations rate (RR) were calculated for each breath. Theoretical leak was evaluated by subtracting real from theoretical volumes derived from a leak free calibration (taped facemask). Data were analyzed with ANOVA and posthoc Bonferroni. RESULTS Five neonatologists (Neo), 15 pediatricians (Ped) and 11 residents ventilated the manikin for a total of 5279 insufflations. Manometer use was associated with an increase in PIP (N: 17+-6 mbar; S: 18+-4 mbar*; D: 19+-4 mbar*#) [*p<.05 vs N; #:p<.05 vs S]. Changes in VTi (N: 3+-1 ml; S: 3.1+-1 ml*; D: 3.2+-1 ml*) and RR (77-82 bpm) were small. Leak did not increase. The effect of manometer use on PIP, VTi and leak was more important with Neo (PIP-N: 16+-7 mbar; S and D: 20+-4 mbar*) and Ped. With residents, no change occurred in PIP (~17 mbar), Vti (2.9 ml) or leak (31-35%). However, for first sequences of ventilation, manometer use was associated with higher PIP (N: 12+-4 mbar; S: 16+-3 mbar*; D: 20+-4 mbar*#), VTi (N:2+-1 ml; S:3+-0.8 ml*; D:3.3+-1 ml*#) and lower leaks (N: 38+-16%; S: 27+-12%*; D: 34+-13%*#). This observation for first sequences was found in all 3 categories of providers. CONCLUSIONS Bag and mask ventilation remains difficult. In this model, the addition of a manometer is associated with improved pressures and VTi, and with decreased theoretical leak. This effect is predominant for initial (“naïve”) ventilation with a dial manometer, and is also related to operator experience. Small, inexpensive manometers have the potential to improve SIB ventilation of newborn infants

Individualized Fortification Influences the Osmolality of Human Milk

Background: Fortification of human milk (HM) increases its osmolality, which is associated with an increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. The impact of new fortifiers on osmolality is not well-known, nor are the kinetics regarding the increase in osmolality.Aim: To determine the optimum fortifier composition for HM fortification by measuring the osmolality of fortified HM made with three powder multicomponent fortifiers (MCFs) and a protein fortifier (PF).Methods: The osmolality of HM was assessed at 2 (H2) and 24 (H24) h after fortification to compare the effects of MCF (MCF1–3) and PF used in quantities that ensured that infants' nutrient needs would be met (MCF: 4 g/100 ml HM; PF: 0.5 g or 1 g/100 ml HM). To evaluate the early kinetics associated with the osmolality increase, the osmolality of HM fortified with MCF1 or MCF2 was also measured at 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, and 120 min after fortification.Results: The osmolality increased significantly immediately after fortification, depending on the type of fortification used and the quantity of MCF and PF used, rather than the time elapsed after fortification. The maximum value at H24 was 484 mOsm/kg. The mean increase in osmolality between H2 and H24 was 3.1% (p &lt; 0.01) (range: 0.2–10.8%). Most of the increase (&gt;70%) occurred immediately after fortification.Conclusion: When choosing a fortifier, its effect on HM osmolality should be considered. As most of the increase in osmolality occurred immediately, bedside fortification is not useful to prevent the increase in osmolality, and further research should focus on improving fortifier composition

Langherans histiocytosis as an unusual cause of Blueberry Muffin Syndrome

peer reviewedLa présentation du Blueberry Muffin Syndrome est typique, et permet de rapidement orienter le bilan étiologique. La biopsie cutanée est importante pour établir le diagnostic, qui lui-même conditionne le pronostic

Individualized fortification influences the osmolality of human milk

International audienceBackground: Fortification of human milk (HM) increases its osmolality, which is associated with an increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. The impact of new fortifiers on osmolality is not well-known, nor are the kinetics regarding the increase in osmolality. Aim: To determine the optimum fortifier composition for HM fortification by measuring the osmolality of fortified HM made with three powder multicomponent fortifiers (MCFs) and a protein fortifier (PF). Methods: The osmolality of HM was assessed at 2 (H2) and 24 (H24) h after fortification to compare the effects of MCF (MCF1-3) and PF used in quantities that ensured that infants' nutrient needs would be met (MCF: 4 9/100 ml HM; PF: 0.5 g or 1 g/100 ml HM). To evaluate the early kinetics associated with the osmolality increase, the osmolality of HM fortified with MCF1 or MCF2 was also measured at 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, and 120 min after fortification. Results: The osmolality increased significantly immediately after fortification, depending on the type of fortification used and the quantity of MCF and PF used, rather than the time elapsed after fortification. The maximum value at H24 was 484 mOsm/kg. The mean increase in osmolality between H2 and H24 was 3.1% (p 70%) occurred immediately after fortification. Conclusion: When choosing a fortifier, its effect on HM osmolality should be considered. As most of the increase in osmolality occurred immediately, bedside fortification is not useful to prevent the increase in osmolality, and further research should focus on improving fortifier composition

Belgian consensus recommendations to prevent vitamin k deficiency bleeding in the term and preterm infant

Neonatal vitamin K prophylaxis is essential to prevent vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) with a clear benefit compared to placebo. Various routes (intramuscular (IM), oral, intravenous (IV)) and dosing regimens were explored. A literature review was conducted to compare vitamin K regimens on VKDB incidence. Simultaneously, information on practices was collected from Belgian pediatric and neonatal departments. Based on the review and these practices, a consensus was developed and voted on by all co-authors and heads of pediatric departments. Today, practices vary. In line with literature, the advised prophylactic regimen is 1 or 2 mg IM vitamin K once at birth. In the case of parental refusal, healthcare providers should inform parents of the slightly inferior alternative (2 mg oral vitamin K at birth, followed by 1 or 2 mg oral weekly for 3 months when breastfed). We recommend 1 mg IM in preterm <32 weeks, and the same alternative in the case of parental refusal. When IM is perceived impossible in preterm <32 weeks, 0.5 mg IV once is recommended, with a single additional IM 1 mg dose when IV lipids are discontinued. This recommendation is a step towards harmonizing vitamin K prophylaxis in all newborns