Are systems of innovation in Eastern Europe efficient?

This paper explores the determinants of the productivity in the countries of Eastern Europe (EE) through the perspective of ‘narrow’ and ‘broad’ national systems of innovation (NSI). Based on panel econometrics it examines the extent to which systems in EE could be considered ‘(in)efficient’. Our results suggest that the EE countries have lower levels of productivity than might be expected given their research and development (R&D), innovation and production capabilities. The inefficiencies of ‘broad’ NSI are compounded by the inefficiencies of ‘narrow’ NSI in terms of generating numbers of science and technology publications and resident patents relative to R&D employment, compared to the rest of the world. Our results point to an important distinction between technology and production capability as the drivers of productivity improvements, and provide some policy implications

Are systems of innovation in Eastern Europe efficient?

Growth of Eastern Europe is driven by production, not innovation capabilities. Production capability does not automatically lead to innovation capability. EE countries are inefficient at converting their R&D, innovation and production capabilities into appropriate levels of productivity. EE countries are inefficient in converting their R&D and production capabilities into S&T papers and resident patents. Inefficiencies in broad and narrow NSI carry important policy implications

STUDY THE POSSIBILITY OF MODELING OF THE CUTTING PROCESS IN THE CHAMBER FOR CRUSHING FRUIT AND VEGETABLES

The grinding process of fruits and vegetables in the preparation of juice with pulp, usually carried out by means juicers, blenders or grinders with a relatively slowly rotating blades and stationary gratings with a continuous flow of raw materials. Intensification of processes of division of the products of the conversion will asunder allow sharply duration and raise the uniformity of the processing cheese that will say on quality ready drink as a whole. The interaction of the blade and material is characterized effort of the cutting moreover the general power, acting on blade on the part of material, is not found in planes of the cutting in consequence of which on blade of the knife, alongside with vertical, acts and horizontal forming power. Horizontal form to deform (change) sidebar cut-ting edge of the knife in consequence of which in general event provision to necessary acerbity in flat material requires increase of his(its) thickness and using the additional relationships (the jumper). It is installed that values of magnitude of deformation and speed of its extending are connected among themselves through the parameters characterizing pressure and plasticity of medium of installation of machining. Hence, speed depends on properties of a body in which the pulse is passed round. In the majority of materials speed of extending of a pulse appears an order of 5 103 km/s. Accounting of received data in the determination of rational cutting speeds for different materials with elastoplastic properties (approximation cutting speed for the propagation velocity of deformation) will allow to reduce pre-separation deformation and, respectively, spent on her work, localization stress under cutting edge, and, as consequence will lead to higher product yield and improve the purity of the slices. Improving the quality cutting may be associated with an increase of inertia of the structural elements of the material (fibers) by increasing the speed of the process

Stimulation of spermatogenesis by combined therapy with follicle-stimulating hormone and chorionic gonadotropin for azoospermia and infertility in cases of previous ineffective monotherapy with chorionic gonadotropin and antiestrogen

Often there is a need of application of the methods of treatment, directed on increase in quantity of spermatozoa in an ejaculate. In the research efficiency of the combined therapy by preparation follicle-stimulating hormone was estimated and a chorionic gonadotrophin in cases of the previous inefficiency monotherapy a chorionic gonadotrophin and an anti-estrogen. The efficiency of treatment concerning an oligoteratozoospermiya made 65 %. Positive changes of morphology of spermatozoa included improvement of condensation of a chromatin and decrease of the degrading forms. At the same time this treatment was safe and didn»t lead to development of side effects

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ТВЕРДОФАЗНОЙ ЭКСТРАКЦИИ ДЛЯ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ПРИСАДОК В АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫХ СМАЗОЧНЫХ МАСЛАХ МЕТОДОМ ГХ/МС

Currently, the determination of additives in lubricating oils is carried out using such analysis methods as IR spectroscopy, TLC, HPLC-UV, GC, GC-MS. To eliminate the interfering influence of the base oil components, various sample preparation methods are used, which are often not suitable for isolating a wide range of additives, are poorly reproduced, or are completely absent. In this regard, the urgent problem is the development of sample preparation techniques that can effectively isolate various additives for subsequent analysis. This paper presents a methodology for determining additives for the subsequent identification of automotive lubricating oils (MO). The method includes sample preparation by the method of solid phase extraction (SPE) with subsequent analysis by GC / MS. The optimal conditions for obtaining a characteristic and reproducible additives profile were determined: silica gel drying temperature, analyte elution rate, composition of the elution mixture, volumes of washing liquid and eluent. This method of SPE allows to isolate a wide range of additives: sterically hindered phenols, alkyl diphenylamines, dialkyldithiophosphates of zinc, alkyl salicylates, alkyl phenolates and components of extreme pressure additives. Also reduced the number of stages of the procedure SPE was compared with known methods.Keywords: lubricating oils, additives, solid-phase extraction, gas-liquid chromatography / mass spectrometry, GC/MS(Russian) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2019.23.4.001R.L. Akhmedov1, S.S. Kravtsova1, K.A. Dychko1, I.V. Ramus’2 1Tomsk State University, Lenin Ave, 36, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation2EFC DMIA of Russia in Tomsk region, Vershinina st, 17/1, Tomsk, 634041, Russian FederationВ настоящее время определение присадок в смазочных маслах осуществляется при помощи таких методов анализа, как ИК спектроскопия, ТСХ, ВЭЖХ-УФ, ГХ. Для устранения мешающего влияния компонентов базового масла используются различные способы пробоподготовки, которые часто не подходят для выделения широкого спектра присадок, плохо воспроизводятся или вовсе отсутствуют. В связи с этим, актуальной проблемой является разработка методик пробоподготовки, позволяющих эффективно выделять различные присадки для последующего анализа. В данной статье представлена методика определения присадок для последующей идентификации автомобильных смазочных масел (СМ). Методика включает твердофазную экстракцию (ТФЭ) фенольных, аминных, фосфатных и др. присадок на силикагеле с последующим анализом методом газовой хроматографии / масс-спектрометрии. Определены оптимальные условия, позволяющие получить характеристичный и воспроизводимый профиль присадок на хроматограммах: температура высушивания силикагеля, скорость элюирования аналитов, состав элюирующей смеси, объемы промывной жидкости и элюента. Использование ТФЭ в совокупности с ГХ/МС позволяет выделять и идентифицировать широкий спектр присадок: пространственно затрудненные фенолы, алкилдифениламины, диалкилдитиофосфаты цинка, алкилсалицилаты, алкилфеноляты и некоторые компоненты противозадирных композиций, содержащихся даже в небольших количествах исследуемых образцов). Кроме того, в описанной работе сокращено количество стадий процедуры ТФЭ по сравнению с известными методиками. Время анализа ГХ/МС составляет 40 мин. Для повышения чувствительности анализа предложено использование режима инжектора без делителя потока, что обусловлено высокой степенью очистки пробы от компонентов углеводородной матрицы. Адекватность предложенной схемы продемонстрирована на 8 реальных образцах, оценка надежности результатов и их воспроизводимость контролировались с использованием критериев ГОСТ.Ключевые слова: масла смазочные, присадки, твердофазная экстракция, газо-жидкостная хроматография/масс-спектрометрия, ГХ/МСDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2019.23.4.00

Combination therapy for benign prostate hyperplasia-related urinary symptoms

Introduction. Non-neurogenic lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are a serious polyetiologic problem in the male population. The side effects of the medication agents used to treat LUTS significantly reduce treatment compliance. According to the literature data, the frequency of refusal for the proposed treatment during the year varies from 20 to 80%. Several studies have shown the benefits of herbal medicine for LUTS concerning the fewer side effects and increased adherence to treatment. However, to obtain a high-level recommendation base, clinical trials are required.Purpose of the study. To evaluate the effectiveness of Gardaprost® in LUTS combination therapy.Materials and methods. The study included 57 men aged 60 – 70 years with diagnosed medium- or large-volume benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and moderate-to-severe LUTS according to I-PSS, morphologically excluded prostate cancer, without urinary infection signs. The patients were randomized into two follow-up groups. Tamsulosin 0.4 mg q.d. was prescribed to patients in the control group. Patients of the main group received Gardaprost® 0.4 mg q.d. in addition to Tamsulosin. The follow-up period in both groups was one-year. The statistical analysis includes data from 56 men. To evaluate therapy at the screening visit and on days 180 and 360, I-PSS, urination diary, IIEF-5, urinalysis, prostate-specific antigen, uroflowmetry, ultrasound were analyzed. Paired t-test and one-way ANOVA test were used to determine intergroup differences in normally distributed variables. For variables with a distribution other than normal, Friedman's two-way ANOVA for related samples was used. Events with a probability greater than 95% were considered statistically significant.Results. At the time of inclusion in the study, the groups were comparable concerning the control parameters. In the main group, there was a more pronounced positive dynamics in the I-PSS score, maximum urine flow rate, and post-void residual urine volume, which corresponded to 7.9 ± 2.1 points, 18.0 ± 7.3 ml/sec, 23.6 ± 13.6 ml vs 19.7 ± 7.2 points, 10 ± 3.5 ml/sec, 65.9 ± 33.2 ml in the main and control groups, respectively (p < 0.001). Additionally, in the main observation group, a decrease in prostate volume was recorded by 18.8% (p < 0.001) was recorded.Conclusion. We have obtained encouraging long-term results from the use of Gardaprost® in combination therapy of moderate-to-severe LUTS caused by medium- and large-volume BPH

MCGILL PAIN QUESTIONNAIRE AS A METHOD OF IDENTIFICATION OF PAIN SYNDROME LEVEL IN PATIENTS AFTER RHYNOSEPTOPLASTY AND POLYPOTHOMY

We researched acute postoperative pain in patients with nasal septum deviation (group 1; 25 patients) and with polypoid rhinosinusitis (group 2; 31 patient) by means of analogue scales (AS) and. McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ). High correlation coefficients between AS and. MPQ values - 0,80 and. 0,77 in group 1 and. group 2 agreeably - were obtained. Strong reliable connection (p < 0,01) between AS and. MPQ values was proved. While evaluating sensory, affective and. evaluative components of MPQ low level of pain in both groups was revealed

SPECIATION FEATURES OF GOLD IN ORES AND MINERALS OF THE NATALKINSKOE DEPOSIT (NORTH-EAST RUSSIA)

The distribution and speciation features of gold in ores and minerals of the Natalkinskoe gold deposit (North-East Russia) are studied using light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX), X-ray electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), "phase" chemical analysis with atomic absorption spectrometry (PCA-AAS) and atomic absorption spectrometry with analytical data selections for single crystals (AAS-ADSSC). The vein and streaky-vein ores are high-grade ores, whereas veinlet-disseminated ores are less rich and disseminated ores are poor in gold. Up to 85 % of the gold in the ores is in a free native state, associated with quartz and sulfide minerals. LM, SEM-EDX and EPMA reveal that the predominant gold grains are 0.01 to 2.00 mm in size and at a fineness of 720 to 900 ‰. The finely dispersed and submicron elemental gold particles (Au0) amounted to 20 % and are mainly enclosed into arsenopyrite and pyrite. According to PCA-AAS data, the highest Au concentrations (up to 1383 ppm) are recorded in arsenopyrite; lower contents are typical of pyrite (up to 158.2 ppm). In these sulfides, two non-mineral species of "invisible" Au are the structurally bound and surface-bound species recognized by AAS-ADSSC. The structural Au is included in the mineral structure. The surface-bounded Au prevails and is confined to nano-sized, non-autonomous phases (NAPs) on the sulfide surface. In common with "invisible" Au, the micro-sized particles of native gold are often observed on the surface and within the surface layers of sulfide crystals. This is consistent with the model of post-growth transformations of nano-sized NAPs, resulting in the formation of nano and micro-sized Au0 particles. It is expected that the major part of gold contained in arsenopyrite and pyrite as finely dispersed and submicron particles, as well as the surface-bound gold in NAPs, can be won with modified current schemes of gold concentration, which enhances the value of the gold ore mining

Circulating Ouabain Modulates Expression of Claudins in Rat Intestine and Cerebral Blood Vessels

The ability of exogenous low ouabain concentrations to affect claudin expression and therefore epithelial barrier properties was demonstrated previously in cultured cell studies. We hypothesized that chronic elevation of circulating ouabain in vivo can affect the expression of claudins and tight junction permeability in different tissues. We tested this hypothesis in rats intraperitoneally injected with ouabain (1 μg/kg) for 4 days. Rat jejunum, colon and brain frontal lobes, which are variable in the expressed claudins and tight junction permeability, were examined. Moreover, the porcine jejunum cell line IPEC-J2 was studied. In IPEC-J2-cells, ouabain (10 nM, 19 days of incubation) stimulated epithelial barrier formation, increased transepithelial resistance and the level of cSrc-kinase activation by phosphorylation, accompanied with an increased expression of claudin-1, -5 and down-regulation of claudin-12; the expression of claudin-3, -4, -8 and tricellulin was not changed. In the jejunum, chronic ouabain increased the expression of claudin-1, -3 and -5 without an effect on claudin-2 and -4 expression. In the colon, only down-regulation of claudin-3 was observed. Chronic ouabain protected the intestine transepithelial resistance against functional injury induced by lipopolysaccharide treatment or by modeled acute microgravity; this regulation was most pronounced in the jejunum. Claudin-1 was also up-regulated in cerebral blood vessels. This was associated with reduction of claudin-3 expression while the expression of claudin-5 and occludin was not affected. Altogether, our results confirm that circulating ouabain can functionally and tissue-specifically affect barrier properties of epithelial and endothelial tissues via Na,K-ATPase-mediated modulation of claudins expression

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a risk factor for anemia of chronic inflammation (experimental research)

The aim of the study. In recent years, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been considered a hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. The main consequence of NAFLD is chronic hepatic inflammation, which leads to dyslipidemia, inflammation, increased oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction. Immune activation in response to interaction with agents of a metabolic nature induces the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the liver, which subsequently cause iron сhomeostasis disorder. This leads to a frequent association of NAFLD with anemia of various etiology. In this regard, we considered it important to assess the severity of the systemic inflammatory response in NAFLD in the experiment in order to -diagnose anemia of chronic inflammation.Materials and methods. The study was carried out on 26 male Wistar rats, which were divided into control and experimental groups. In animals of the experimental group, NAFLD was modeled according to the generally accepted method. In order to assess metabolic disorders, we determined the main biochemical parameters, a complete blood count with the calculation of erythrocyte indices, the concentration of the main pro-inflammatory cytokines – interleukin (IL) 1, IL-6. Results. In laboratory rats with NAFLD, a statistically significant increase of intrahepatic enzymes in blood serum was found. The state of the erythrocyte lineage of hematopoiesis in the experimental group progressively worsened and caused the development of anemic syndrome. Synchronously, a statistically significant increase in serum levels of IL-1, IL-6 was recorded, which confirms the correlation of NAFLD with anemia of chronic inflammation.Conclusions. A high concentration of IL-1, IL-6 cytokines in NAFLD inhibits iron absorption in the duodenum, leads to the activation of macrophages, blocking the release of iron processed from aging erythrocytes into plasma. Further study of the mechanisms of anemia in NAFLD provides important therapeutic targets in the treatment of both NAFLD and its comorbidities