12 research outputs found
Alterations in growth of maize seedlings influenced by mixed tetraoxanes
Application of natural or synthetic substances could increases maize vigor, particularly of seeds with poor viability. The aim
of this experiment was to examine the influence of five mixed tetraoxanes (T1āT5) on germination and early growth (seven day old seedlings) of maize inbred line, from the lot with high germination ability (>90%-G1) and low germination ability
(<50%-G2). After soaking in tetraoxanes solution (10-6 and 10-9 M) for 24h, at room temperature, the seeds were
germinated under controlled laboratory conditions on filter paper (BP, 20ā30Ā°C, ISTA Rules). Results show diverse effects
of applied treatments. The significant increase in germination of 21.3% (10-9 M) for G2, as well as in seedlings roots and
shoot fresh biomass for both lots, were observed in T1 treatment. The highest increase of seedlings root and shoot dry
matter (8.79% and 8.08% for G1, as well as 9.52% and 8.99% for G2, respectively) was obtained by T4 treatment. For G1,
increased seedlings root to shoot ratio for fresh matter, was achieved with T4 (10-9 M), while for G2, T3 brought the highest
values of the ratio for both fresh and dry matter. For G1, increased seedlings root to shot ratio for dry matter was achieved
under T4 (10-9 M). All applied treatments increased hydrolysis and biosynthesis. The highest hydrolysis values for G1was
achieved by T2 (0.1640 g) and for G2 by T1 treatment (0.1187 g). The highest values of biosynthesis were achieved under
T4 for both G1 and G2 (0.0723 and 0.0426 g, respectively). For G2, interdependence between germination and seedlings
root and shoot fresh matter, and between hydrolysis and biosynthesis, implied a significant and negative correlation
between germination rate and root fresh matter. Moreover, significant increase in germination rate for G2 was followed by
increase in seedlings root and shoot fresh matter, hydrolysis and biosynthesis
Biofortification ā important part of agricultural practice
Biofortifikacija predstavlja Äitav kompleks mera koje obuhvataju
selekcionisanje novih genotipova, manipulacije genima, razliÄite
mere gajenja kojima se omoguÄava bolja apsorpcija i poveÄana
akumulacija esencijalnih elemenata, kao Å”to su gvožÄe, cink,
mangan, bakar i dr. u jestivim delovima gajenih biljaka. Pored toga,
nezaobilazni deo biofortifikacije predstavlja i unapreÄenje faktora koji
poveÄavaju apsorpciju mikroelemenata, a eliminisanje faktora koji
ometaju njihovu apsorpciju i time smanjenje antinutritiva. Rezultati su
pokazali da je u semenu linija koje pripadaju Lankaster heterotiÄnoj
grupi poveÄanje sadrÅ£aja Zn bilo praÄeno padom fitata, dok veÄi
sadrÅ£aj Ī²-karotena u semenu BSSS genotipova može poboljÅ”ati
apsoprpciju Mn i Zn. Neke linije kukuruza iz Banke gena imaju
poveÄanu pristupaÄnost Mg, Fe, Mn i Zn, zahvaljujuÄi nižem odnosu
fitat/Ī²-karoten i mogle bi se iskoristiti u selekciji fortifikovanih hibrida
kukuruza. U semenu nekih populacija, variranje u sadržaju Fe i Zn je
nezavisno od inhibitora i promotera. Održiva proizvodnja koja
obuhvata kombinovane ili pokrovne useve može da poboljŔa
apsorpciju i akumulaciju esencijalnih elemenata u zrnu kukuruza i
soje. Tako, u zrnu soje gajene u kombinaciji s kukuruzom, Ī²-karoten
je osnovni faktor koji doprinosi Fe pristupaÄnosti. NaizmeniÄni redovi
u kombinaciji s bio-Äubrivom doprinose poveÄanoj Fe i Mg
pristupaÄnosti, kao i boljem iskoriÅ”Äenju uslova, poveÄavajuÄi
plodnost zemljiŔta soje i kukuruza. U eksperimentima s pokrovnim
usevima, kombinacija organskog malÄa i bio-Äubriva se pokazala
kao najefikasnija za poboljÅ”anu pristupaÄnost Mg i Zn iz zrna
kukuruza Å”eÄerca, dok su stoÄni graÅ”ak i ozimi ovas najefikasnija
kombinacija za poboljÅ”anu Fe pristupaÄnost. OdreÄena bio- i
organska Äubriva mogu poveÄati nivo Ī²-karotena, a smanjiti nivo
fitata u zrnu kukuruza, poveÄavajuÄi pristupaÄnost esencijalnih
elemenata.Biofortification represents complex of different measures that include
new genotypes breeding, gene manipulations, different cropping
measures which enable better absorption and accumulation of
essential elements, like iron, zinc, manganese, copper, etc. in edible
plant parts. Besides, increase in factors that promote microelements
absorption, as well as reduction in antinutritives (factors that supress
microelements absorption) represent unavoidable part of
biofortification. Results showed that Zn increase is followed by
reduction in phytate content, particularly in maize lines from
Lancaster heterotic group, while increased Ī²-carotene content could
improve Mn and Zn availability from grain of BSSS genotypes. Some
maize lines from Gene bank were characterised with increased Mg,
Fe, Mn and Zn availability, owing to low phytate/Ī²-carotene ratio.
They could be used in breeding for production of fortified maize
hybrids. In grain of some landraces, variations in Fe and Zn content
are independent of variations in inhibitor and promoter contents.
Sustainable practices, like intercropping or application of cover crops
could improve absorption and accumulation of essential elements in
maize and soybean grain. For instance, in grain of intercropped
soybean Ī²-carotene is the main factor contributing to Fe availability.
Alternating rows in combination with biofertilizer emphasised
increased Fe and Mg availability and better utilization of the
conditions and the soil fertility under the both, maize and soybean. In
experiments with cover crops, organic mulch+biofertilizer expressed
the highest efficiency for improved Mg and Zn bioavailability from
sweet maize kernel, while field pea+winter oats was the most
effective for improved Fe bioavailability. Some biofertilizers and
organic fertilizers could increase Ī²-carotene level and decrease
phytate concetration in maize grain, thus increasing bioavailability of
essential elements
Adaptation of food production systems to global changes
Agricultural plants, mainly for food production are prone to variability of agro-ecolog ical conditions, particularly to meteorological conditions.Relatively frequent meteo rological extremes are reflecting negatively on agro-ecosystem, depleting soil fertility and
raising its erosion, spreading invasive weeds, hard to control, thus reducing rapidly arable
areas. At the same time, meteorological extremes are diminishing production of agricultural
plants, their yields, as well as quality, reflecting negative on food security. It is well known
that reduced yields of staple crops, like wheat, maize, rice and others are present in drier
seasons, while increased concentration of protein, some vitamins and antioxidants is pres ent at the same time. However, in the most of the cases higher infestation with pathogenic
fungus is present, thus increasing mycotoxines level. Meteorological extremes are mainly
driven by anthropogenic factors, which are also responsible for reduced quality of agri cultural products. For example, globalisation trends mirrored through āGreen revolutionā
were conceptualised to resolve worldwide hunger, by introducing of high yield genotypes,
prone to stressful conditions, together with high inputs of water, mineral fertilizers (mainly
based on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) and other toxic agro-chemicals, impairing
agro-ecosystem by reduction of biodiversity, depleting of soil fertility through decrease of
organic matter, microbiome diversity and particularly micro-elements, important for both,
plants and humans, thus contributing to the low quality of produced food, i.e. hidden mal nutrition. Worldwide present malnutrition with essential minerals and vitamins contrib utes to the rapid increase of chronic diseases, such as inflammation, metabolic syndrome,
diabetes, cardio-vascular diseases, cancer, variety of auto-immune conditions, etc. even to
the pandemic level.One of the important facts lies in depletion of phosphorus deposits,
leaving agriculture without the main source of this essential mineral. Novel trends that in troduce recycling, usage of alternative, renewable and less used sources of plant nutrients
and energy, from the point of rationalisation, together with breeding of genotypes tolerant
to various abiotic and biotic stressors, such as meteorological extremes, plant pathogens and
low inputs could contribute not just to increased security of plant production, but also to
increased quality of agricultural product
The effect of some mixed tetraoxanes on germination and antioxidants in maize seedlings
Germination is one of the most sensitive phases in growth of agricultural
plants, where optimal conditions in temperature and water accessibility are
required. Seedlings are particularly sensitive to environmental stressors,
especially when maize lines are considered. They tend to germinate and grow
slower, have poorer adaptability to stress and seeds could lose germination
ability relative fast. Application of natural or synthetic substances could
increases maize vigor, particularly of seeds with poor viability. It is proven
that some stimulators positively affect growth, water absorption and
antioxidative response of plants [1-4]. The aim of experiment was to examine
the influence of four mixed tetraoxanes on germination and early growth
(seven-day old seedlings) of maize inbred line with low germination ability
(<50%)
Genetic and phenotypic evaluation of european maize landraces as a tool for conservation and valorization of agrobiodiversity
The ECPGR European Evaluation Network (EVA) for Maize involves genebanks, research institutions, and private breeding companies from nine countries focusing on the valorization of maize genetic resources across Europe. This study describes a diverse collection of 626 local landraces and traditional varieties of maize (Zea mays L.) from nine European genebanks, including criteria for selection of the collection and its genetic and phenotypic diversity. High-throughput pool genotyping grouped the landraces into nine genetic groups with a threshold of 0.6 admixture, while 277 accessions were designated admixed and likely to have resulted from previous breeding activities. The grouping correlated well with the geographic origins of the collection, also reflecting the various pathways of introduction of maize to Europe. Phenotypic evaluations of 588 accessions for flowering time and plant architecture in multilocation trials over three years confirmed the great diversity within the collection, although phenotypic clusters only partially correlated with the genetic grouping. The EVA approach promotes conservation of genetic resources and opens an opportunity to increase genetic variability for developing improved varieties and populations for farmers, with better adaptation to specific environments and greater tolerance to various stresses. As such, the EVA maize collection provides valuable sources of diversity for facing climate change due to the varietiesā local adaptation
Application of different methods for measuring carotenoid status in maize grain
Maize grain carotenoids are among the most abundant in cereals, exhibiting considerable diversity in the composition profiles. In this experiment, HPLC-DAD was used for lutein and zeaxanthin (predominant carotenoids) and Ī²-carotene (proVA carotenoid) determination in flour of
whole maize kernel. In addition, Raman spectroscopy, as a non-destructive method for pretreatment-free and rapid in situ screening of carotenoids status in different kernel regions, was applied.
Six yellow maize inbred lines (L1-L6) were evaluated. After the spectral normalization, deconvolution was performed on three individual bands in three observed regions on kernel longitudinal
section (aleurone cell layer, floury and vitreous endosperm), for all genotypes. It was found that
the mean fitted area and intensity of three main carotenoid bands were the highest at 1520 cm-1,
medium at 1155 cm-1 and the lowest for the band at 1007 cm-1, as spectral features used to identify carotenoids and quantify relative carotenoid concentration. Both the highest values for mean
band fitted area and intensity observed in the floury endosperm, and the lowest in the aleurone
cell layer, were recorded in the same regions for all genotypes evaluated. L1 and L2 exhibited the
highest values, while L3 and L4 exhibited the lowest values for the average and total band area.
Significant and negative correlation between carotenoid content quantified by HPLC-DAD and
bands area fit for vitreous endosperm region obtained by Raman spectroscopy (-0.847; pā¤0.05),
and between carotenoid content and total bands area (-0.898; pā¤0.05) indicated the competition
for carbon supplies reflected through increased starch reposition over carotenoids accumulation
GENETIC DIVERSITY IN MAIZE FLINT LANDRACES ASSESSED BY MORPHOLOGICAL AND SSR MARKERS
Maize landraces represent potential sources of favorable traits for current and future breeding programs.. A comparative characterization of twenty-one flint maize landraces from Maize Research Institute "Zemun Poljeā gene bank was achieved by using morphological traits and SSR markers. Applied marker systems revealed high level of genetic heterogenity beetween landraces. Cluster analysis of the tested genotypes was based on average values of eighteen observed phenotypic traits. Ten SSR probes revealed total of 68 alleles. Genetic distance between pairs of landraces ranged from 0.05 up to 0.98. Cluster analysis of morphological and SSR markers distances did not exhibited the same grouping of accessions. Individual application of marker systems did not confirm differentiation of certain landraces into a particular agro-ecological group, as was expected according to their origin data. The best way for achieving the most accurate assessment of genetic diversity should comprise parallel application of both approaches
Efficiency of Biological Typing Methods in Maize Hybrid Genetic Purity Estimation
A high level of genetic purity in crop varieties must be achieved and maintained for agronomic performance, encouraging investment and innovation in plant breeding and ensuring that the improvements in productivity and quality imparted by breeders are delivered to the consumer. Since the success of hybrid seed production is dependent upon the genetic purity of the parental lines, in this study, the experimental F1exp maize hybrid and its parental inbreeds were used as a model system to examine the discriminative power of morphological, biochemical and SSR markers for seed purity assay. The highest number of off-type plants was estimated by morphological markers. According to the comparison of prolamins and albumins banding patterns of parental and derived F1exp seeds, genetic impurities could not be detected. Molecular analysis detected two types of genetic profile irregularity. Beside its use for verifying varieties of maize, report on umc1545 primer pair ability to detect non-specific bands (i.e., off-types), in both the maternal component and F1exp, which is the first report on this issue yet, strongly supports the recommendation of this SSR marker use for more accurate and time-efficient maize hybrids and parental lines genetic pyrity testing